Elide stack generation outside of looping control flow

src/compiler/emit.jl

@@ -34,50 +34,130 @@ xtuple(xs...) = xcall(:tuple, xs...)
 
 concrete(T::DataType) = T
 concrete(::Type{Type{T}}) where T = typeof(T)
-concrete(T) = Any
+concrete(@nospecialize _) = Any
 
 runonce(b) = b.id in (1, length(b.ir.blocks))
 
+# TODO use a more efficient algorithm such as Johnson (1975)
+# https://epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/0204007
+self_reaching(cfg, bid, visited = BitSet()) = reaches(cfg, bid, bid, visited)
+function reaches(cfg, from, to, visited)
+  for succ in cfg[from]
+    if succ === to
+      return true
+    elseif succ ∉ visited
+      push!(visited, succ)
+      if reaches(cfg, succ, to, visited)
+        return true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  return false
+end
+
 function forward_stacks!(adj, F)
-  stks, recs = [], []
+  stks, recs = Tuple{Int, Alpha, Bool}[], Variable[]
   pr = adj.primal
-  for b in blocks(pr), α in alphauses(block(adj.adjoint, b.id))
-    if runonce(b)
-      push!(recs, Variable(α))
-    else
-      stk = pushfirst!(pr, xstack(Any))
-      push!(recs, stk)
-      push!(b, xcall(Zygote, :_push!, stk, Variable(α)))
+  blks = blocks(pr)
+  last_block = length(blks)
+  cfg = IRTools.CFG(pr)
+  cfgᵀ = cfg'
+  doms = IRTools.dominators(cfg)
+
+  reaching_visited = BitSet()
+  in_loop = map(1:last_block) do b
+    empty!(reaching_visited)
+    self_reaching(cfg, b, reaching_visited)
+  end
+  alphavars = Dict{Alpha, Variable}()
+  alpha_blocks = [α => b.id for b in blks for α in alphauses(block(adj.adjoint, b.id))]
+  for b in Iterators.reverse(blks)
+    filter!(alpha_blocks) do (α, bid)
+      if b.id in doms[bid]
+        # If a block dominates this block, α is guaranteed to be present here
+        αvar = Variable(α)
+        for br in branches(b)
+          map!(a -> a === α ? αvar : a, br.args, br.args)
+        end
+        push!(recs, b.id === last_block ? αvar : alphavars[α])
+        push!(stks, (bid, α, false))
+      elseif in_loop[bid]
+        # This block is in a loop, so we're forced to insert stacks
+        # Note: all alphas in loops will have stacks after the first iteration
+        stk = pushfirst!(pr, xstack(Any))
+        push!(recs, stk)
+        push!(block(pr, bid), xcall(Zygote, :_push!, stk, Variable(α)))
+        push!(stks, (bid, α, true))
+      else
+        # Fallback case, propagate alpha back through the CFG
+        argvar = nothing
+        if b.id > 1
+          # Need to make sure all predecessors have a branch to add arguments to
+          IRTools.explicitbranch!(b)
+          argvar = argument!(b, insert=false)
+        end
+        if b.id === last_block
+          # This alpha has been threaded all the way through to the exit block
+          alphavars[α] = argvar
+        end
+        for br in branches(b)
+          map!(a -> a === α ? argvar : a, br.args, br.args)
+        end
+        for pred in cfgᵀ[b.id]
+          pred >= b.id && continue # TODO is this needed?
+          pred_branches = branches(block(pr, pred))
+          idx = findfirst(br -> br.block === b.id, pred_branches)
+          if idx === nothing
+            throw(error("Predecessor $pred of block $(b.id) has no branch to $(b.id)"))
+          end
+          branch_here = pred_branches[idx]
+          push!(branch_here.args, α)
+        end
+        # We're not done with this alpha yet, revisit in predecessors
+        return true
+      end
+      return false
+    end
+    # Prune any alphas that don't exist on this path through the CFG
+    for br in branches(b)
+      map!(a -> a isa Alpha ? nothing : a, br.args, br.args)
     end
-    push!(stks, (b.id, alpha(α)))
   end
-  args = arguments(pr)[3:end]
+  @assert isempty(alpha_blocks)
+
   rec = push!(pr, xtuple(recs...))
+  # Pullback{F,Any} reduces specialisation
   P = length(pr.blocks) == 1 ? Pullback{F} : Pullback{F,Any}
-  # P = Pullback{F,Any} # reduce specialisation
   rec = push!(pr, Expr(:call, P, rec))
   ret = xtuple(pr.blocks[end].branches[end].args[1], rec)
   ret = push!(pr, ret)
   pr.blocks[end].branches[end].args[1] = ret
   return pr, stks
 end
 
+# Helps constrain pullback function type in the backwards pass
+# If we had the type, we could make this a PiNode
+notnothing(::Nothing) = error()
+notnothing(x) = x
+
 function reverse_stacks!(adj, stks)
   ir = adj.adjoint
-  entry = blocks(ir)[end]
+  blcks = blocks(ir)
+  entry = blcks[end]
   self = argument!(entry, at = 1)
-  t = pushfirst!(blocks(ir)[end], xcall(:getfield, self, QuoteNode(:t)))
-  repl = Dict()
-  runonce(b) = b.id in (1, length(ir.blocks))
-  for b in blocks(ir)
-    for (i, (b′, α)) in enumerate(stks)
+  t = pushfirst!(entry, xcall(:getfield, self, QuoteNode(:t)))
+  repl = Dict{Alpha,Variable}()
+  for b in blcks
+    for (i, (b′, α, use_stack)) in enumerate(stks)
       b.id == b′ || continue
-      if runonce(b)
-        val = insertafter!(ir, t, xcall(:getindex, t, i))
-      else
-        stk = push!(entry, xcall(:getindex, t, i))
-        stk = push!(entry, xcall(Zygote, :Stack, stk))
+      # i.e. recs[i] from forward_stacks!
+      val = insertafter!(ir, t, xcall(:getindex, t, i))
+      if use_stack
+        stk = push!(entry, xcall(Zygote, :Stack, val))
         val = pushfirst!(b, xcall(:pop!, stk))
+      elseif !runonce(b)
+        # The first and last blocks always run, so this check is redundant there
+        val = pushfirst!(b, xcall(Zygote, :notnothing, val))
       end
       repl[α] = val
     end
@@ -87,6 +167,7 @@ end
 
 function stacks!(adj, T)
   forw, stks = forward_stacks!(adj, T)
+  IRTools.domorder!(forw)
   back = reverse_stacks!(adj, stks)
   permute!(back, length(back.blocks):-1:1)
   IRTools.domorder!(back)

src/compiler/interface2.jl

@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ end
   meta, forw, _ = g
   argnames!(meta, Symbol("#self#"), :ctx, :f, :args)
   forw = varargs!(meta, forw, 3)
-  # IRTools.verify(forw)
+  # verify(forw)
   forw = slots!(pis!(inlineable!(forw)))
   # be ready to swap to using chainrule if one is declared
-  cr_edge != nothing && edge!(meta, cr_edge)
+  cr_edge !== nothing && edge!(meta, cr_edge)
   return update!(meta.code, forw)
 end
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ end
   end
   meta, _, back = g
   argnames!(meta, Symbol("#self#"), :Δ)
-  # IRTools.verify(back)
+  # verify(back)
   back = slots!(inlineable!(back))
   return update!(meta.code, back)
 end

src/lib/lib.jl

@@ -68,6 +68,12 @@ function accum_global(cx::Context, ref, x̄)
   return
 end
 
+# Needed for nested AD
+function _pullback(::typeof(accum_global), cx::Context, ref, x̄)
+  accum_global_pullback(_) = nothing
+  return accum_global(cx, ref, x̄), accum_global_pullback
+end
+
 unwrap(x) = x
 
 @adjoint unwrap(x) = unwrap(x), x̄ -> (accum_param(__context__, x, x̄),)

test/compiler.jl

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-using Zygote, Test
+using Zygote, IRTools, Test
 using Zygote: pullback, @adjoint, Context
 
 macro test_inferred(ex)
@@ -18,24 +18,22 @@ end
 
 bad(x) = x
 @adjoint bad(x) = x, Δ -> error("bad")
+bad_adjoint_line = @__LINE__() - 1 # source location of above
 
 function badly(x)
   x = x + 1
   x = bad(x)
   return x
 end
+bad_pullback_line = @__LINE__() - 3 # should match source location of Pullback
 
 y, back = pullback(badly, 2)
 @test y == 3
 @test_throws Exception back(1)
-bt = try back(1) catch e stacktrace(catch_backtrace()) end
 
-@test trace_contains(bt, nothing, "compiler.jl", 20)
-if VERSION >= v"1.6-"
-  @test_broken trace_contains(bt, :badly, "compiler.jl", 24)
-else
-  @test trace_contains(bt, :badly, "compiler.jl", 24)
-end
+bt = try back(1) catch e stacktrace(catch_backtrace()) end
+@test trace_contains(bt, nothing, "compiler.jl", bad_adjoint_line)
+@test trace_contains(bt, nothing, "compiler.jl", bad_pullback_line)
 
 # Type inference checks
 
@@ -58,10 +56,9 @@ y, back = @test_inferred pullback(f, 5)
 y, back = @test_inferred pullback(Core._apply, +, (1, 2, 3))
 @test_inferred back(1)
 
-# TODO fix bcast inference
-# bcast(x) = x .* 5
-# y, back = @test_inferred pullback(bcast, [1,2,3])
-# @test_inferred back([1,1,1])
+bcast(x) = x .* 5
+y, back = @test_inferred pullback(bcast, [1,2,3])
+@test_inferred back([1,1,1])
 
 foo = let a = 4
   x -> x*a
@@ -91,6 +88,45 @@ struct Funky
     y
 end
 
+@testset "stack elision" begin
+  function isstackfree(T)
+    _, forw, back = Zygote._generate_pullback_via_decomposition(T)
+    for (_, stmt) in forw
+      expr = stmt.expr
+      expr.head == :call && first(expr.args) == GlobalRef(Zygote, :_push!) && return false
+    end
+    for (_, stmt) in back
+      expr = stmt.expr
+      expr.head == :call && first(expr.args) == GlobalRef(Zygote, :Stack) && return false
+    end
+    return true
+  end
+
+  function knockoff_pow(x, n)
+    n == 0 && return 1
+    n == 1 && return x
+    n == 2 && return x * x
+    n == 3 && return x * x * x
+    return x ^ n
+  end
+
+  function roundabout_trig(x, fancy_sin, fancy_cos, fancy_tan)
+    if fancy_tan
+      s = fancy_sin ? inv(csc(x)) : sin(x)
+      c = fancy_cos ? inv(sec(x)) : cos(x)
+      s += 0
+      c *= 1
+      return s / c
+    else
+      return tan(x)
+    end
+  end
+
+  @test !isstackfree(Tuple{typeof(pow), Int, Int})
+  @test isstackfree(Tuple{typeof(knockoff_pow), Int, Int})
+  @test isstackfree(Tuple{typeof(roundabout_trig), Float64, Bool, Bool, Bool})
+end
+
 @testset "issue #851" begin
   f = Funky(1, 1);
   function Base.getproperty(f::Funky, i::Symbol)
@@ -128,7 +164,7 @@ end
   d_two = Zygote.pullback(two_svds, X)[2](Δoutput)
   d_one = Zygote.pullback(one_svd, X)[2](Δoutput)
   @test d_one == d_two
-end 
+end
 
 # this test fails if adjoint for literal_getproperty is added
 # https://github.com/FluxML/Zygote.jl/issues/922#issuecomment-804128905

test/features.jl

@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ end == (2,)
 global_param = 3
 
 @testset "Global Params" begin
-  cx = Zygote.Context()
+  cx = Zygote.Context{true}(nothing) # only makes sense with implicit params
   y, back = Zygote._pullback(cx, x -> x*global_param, 2)
   @test y == 6
   @test back(1) == (nothing, 3)

test/runtests.jl

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using Zygote, Test
 using Zygote: gradient, ZygoteRuleConfig
 using CUDA
 using CUDA: has_cuda
+using LinearAlgebra
 
 @testset "all" begin  # Overall testset ensures it keeps running after failure
 

test/utils.jl

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-using LinearAlgebra
 using ForwardDiff
 using Zygote: hessian_dual, hessian_reverse