Add dynamic_one_shot tensorflow support + expanded testing

doc/releases/changelog-0.37.0.md

@@ -929,4 +929,4 @@ Kenya Sakka,
 Jay Soni,
 Kazuki Tsuoka,
 Haochen Paul Wang,
-David Wierichs.
+David Wierichs.

doc/releases/changelog-dev.md

@@ -4,12 +4,15 @@
 
 <h3>New features since last release</h3>
 
+* A new method `process_density_matrix` has been added to the `ProbabilityMP` and `DensityMatrixMP`
+  classes, allowing for more efficient handling of quantum density matrices, particularly with batch
+  processing support. This method simplifies the calculation of probabilities from quantum states
+  represented as density matrices.
+  [(#5830)](https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/pennylane/pull/5830)
+
 * Resolved the bug in `qml.ThermalRelaxationError` where there was a typo from `tq` to `tg`.
   [(#5988)](https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/pennylane/issues/5988)
 
-* A new method `process_density_matrix` has been added to the `ProbabilityMP` and `DensityMatrixMP` classes, allowing for more efficient handling of quantum density matrices, particularly with batch processing support. This method simplifies the calculation of probabilities from quantum states represented as density matrices.
-  [(#5830)](https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/pennylane/pull/5830)
-
 * The `qml.PrepSelPrep` template is added. The template implements a block-encoding of a linear
   combination of unitaries.
   [(#5756)](https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/pennylane/pull/5756)
@@ -44,6 +47,9 @@
 * `QuantumScript.hash` is now cached, leading to performance improvements.
   [(#5919)](https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/pennylane/pull/5919)
 
+* `qml.dynamic_one_shot` now supports circuits using the `"tensorflow"` interface.
+  [(#5973)](https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/pennylane/pull/5973)
+
 * The representation for `Wires` has now changed to be more copy-paste friendly.
   [(#5958)](https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/pennylane/pull/5958)
 

pennylane/devices/default_qubit.py

@@ -536,10 +536,7 @@ def preprocess(
 
         transform_program.add_transform(validate_device_wires, self.wires, name=self.name)
         transform_program.add_transform(
-            mid_circuit_measurements,
-            device=self,
-            mcm_config=config.mcm_config,
-            interface=config.interface,
+            mid_circuit_measurements, device=self, mcm_config=config.mcm_config
         )
         transform_program.add_transform(
             decompose,

pennylane/devices/execution_config.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def __post_init__(self):
             None,
         ):
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid mid-circuit measurements method '{self.mcm_method}'.")
-        if self.postselect_mode not in ("hw-like", "fill-shots", None):
+        if self.postselect_mode not in ("hw-like", "fill-shots", "pad-invalid-samples", None):
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid postselection mode '{self.postselect_mode}'.")
 
 

pennylane/devices/preprocess.py

@@ -151,22 +151,21 @@ def mid_circuit_measurements(
     tape: qml.tape.QuantumTape,
     device,
     mcm_config=MCMConfig(),
-    interface=None,
+    **kwargs,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
 ) -> tuple[Sequence[qml.tape.QuantumTape], Callable]:
     """Provide the transform to handle mid-circuit measurements.
 
     If the tape or device uses finite-shot, use the native implementation (i.e. no transform),
     and use the ``qml.defer_measurements`` transform otherwise.
     """
-
     if isinstance(mcm_config, dict):
         mcm_config = MCMConfig(**mcm_config)
     mcm_method = mcm_config.mcm_method
     if mcm_method is None:
         mcm_method = "one-shot" if tape.shots else "deferred"
 
     if mcm_method == "one-shot":
-        return qml.dynamic_one_shot(tape, interface=interface)
+        return qml.dynamic_one_shot(tape, postselect_mode=mcm_config.postselect_mode)
     if mcm_method == "tree-traversal":
         return (tape,), null_postprocessing
     return qml.defer_measurements(tape, device=device)

pennylane/devices/qubit/apply_operation.py

@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ def apply_mid_measure(
         axis = wire.toarray()[0]
         slices = [slice(None)] * qml.math.ndim(state)
         slices[axis] = 0
-        prob0 = qml.math.norm(state[tuple(slices)]) ** 2
+        prob0 = qml.math.real(qml.math.norm(state[tuple(slices)]) ** 2)
 
         if prng_key is not None:
             # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel

pennylane/math/single_dispatch.py

@@ -237,6 +237,7 @@ def _take_autograd(tensor, indices, axis=None):
 ar.autoray._SUBMODULE_ALIASES["tensorflow", "arctan"] = "tensorflow.math"
 ar.autoray._SUBMODULE_ALIASES["tensorflow", "arctan2"] = "tensorflow.math"
 ar.autoray._SUBMODULE_ALIASES["tensorflow", "mod"] = "tensorflow.math"
+ar.autoray._SUBMODULE_ALIASES["tensorflow", "logical_and"] = "tensorflow.math"
 ar.autoray._SUBMODULE_ALIASES["tensorflow", "kron"] = "tensorflow.experimental.numpy"
 ar.autoray._SUBMODULE_ALIASES["tensorflow", "moveaxis"] = "tensorflow.experimental.numpy"
 ar.autoray._SUBMODULE_ALIASES["tensorflow", "sinc"] = "tensorflow.experimental.numpy"

pennylane/measurements/mid_measure.py

@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ def __mul__(self, other):
         return self._transform_bin_op(lambda a, b: a * b, other)
 
     def __rmul__(self, other):
-        return self._apply(lambda v: other * v)
+        return self._apply(lambda v: other * qml.math.cast_like(v, other))
 
     def __truediv__(self, other):
         return self._transform_bin_op(lambda a, b: a / b, other)

pennylane/transforms/dynamic_one_shot.py

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def func(x, y):
 
     aux_tapes = [init_auxiliary_tape(t) for t in tapes]
 
-    interface = kwargs.get("interface", None)
+    postselect_mode = kwargs.get("postselect_mode", None)
 
     def reshape_data(array):
         return qml.math.squeeze(qml.math.vstack(array))
@@ -160,7 +160,9 @@ def processing_fn(results, has_partitioned_shots=None, batched_results=None):
             results = [
                 reshape_data(tuple(res[i] for res in results)) for i, _ in enumerate(results[0])
             ]
-        return parse_native_mid_circuit_measurements(tape, aux_tapes, results, interface=interface)
+        return parse_native_mid_circuit_measurements(
+            tape, aux_tapes, results, postselect_mode=postselect_mode
+        )
 
     return aux_tapes, processing_fn
 
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@ def parse_native_mid_circuit_measurements(
     circuit: qml.tape.QuantumScript,
     aux_tapes: qml.tape.QuantumScript,
     results: TensorLike,
-    interface=None,
+    postselect_mode=None,
 ):
     """Combines, gathers and normalizes the results of native mid-circuit measurement runs.
 
@@ -246,20 +248,27 @@ def measurement_with_no_shots(measurement):
             else np.nan
         )
 
-    interface = interface or qml.math.get_deep_interface(circuit.data)
+    interface = qml.math.get_deep_interface(results)
     interface = "numpy" if interface == "builtins" else interface
+    interface = "tensorflow" if interface == "tf" else interface
     active_qjit = qml.compiler.active()
 
     all_mcms = [op for op in aux_tapes[0].operations if is_mcm(op)]
     n_mcms = len(all_mcms)
-    mcm_samples = qml.math.hstack(tuple(res.reshape((-1, 1)) for res in results[-n_mcms:]))
+    mcm_samples = qml.math.hstack(
+        tuple(qml.math.reshape(res, (-1, 1)) for res in results[-n_mcms:])
+    )
     mcm_samples = qml.math.array(mcm_samples, like=interface)
     # Can't use boolean dtype array with tf, hence why conditionally setting items to 0 or 1
     has_postselect = qml.math.array(
-        [[int(op.postselect is not None) for op in all_mcms]], like=interface
+        [[int(op.postselect is not None) for op in all_mcms]],
+        like=interface,
+        dtype=mcm_samples.dtype,
     )
     postselect = qml.math.array(
-        [[0 if op.postselect is None else op.postselect for op in all_mcms]], like=interface
+        [[0 if op.postselect is None else op.postselect for op in all_mcms]],
+        like=interface,
+        dtype=mcm_samples.dtype,
     )
     is_valid = qml.math.all(mcm_samples * has_postselect == postselect, axis=1)
     has_valid = qml.math.any(is_valid)
@@ -276,9 +285,11 @@ def measurement_with_no_shots(measurement):
         if interface != "jax" and m.mv and not has_valid:
             meas = measurement_with_no_shots(m)
         elif m.mv and active_qjit:
-            meas = gather_mcm_qjit(m, mcm_samples, is_valid)  # pragma: no cover
+            meas = gather_mcm_qjit(
+                m, mcm_samples, is_valid, postselect_mode=postselect_mode
+            )  # pragma: no cover
         elif m.mv:
-            meas = gather_mcm(m, mcm_samples, is_valid)
+            meas = gather_mcm(m, mcm_samples, is_valid, postselect_mode=postselect_mode)
         elif interface != "jax" and not has_valid:
             meas = measurement_with_no_shots(m)
             m_count += 1
@@ -295,12 +306,15 @@ def measurement_with_no_shots(measurement):
                 # We return the sum of counts (`result[1]`) weighting by `is_valid`, which is `0` for invalid samples
                 if isinstance(m, CountsMP):
                     normalized_meas.append(
-                        (result[0][0], qml.math.sum(result[1] * is_valid.reshape((-1, 1)), axis=0))
+                        (
+                            result[0][0],
+                            qml.math.sum(result[1] * qml.math.reshape(is_valid, (-1, 1)), axis=0),
+                        )
                     )
                     m_count += 1
                     continue
                 result = qml.math.squeeze(result)
-            meas = gather_non_mcm(m, result, is_valid)
+            meas = gather_non_mcm(m, result, is_valid, postselect_mode=postselect_mode)
             m_count += 1
         if isinstance(m, SampleMP):
             meas = qml.math.squeeze(meas)
@@ -309,7 +323,7 @@ def measurement_with_no_shots(measurement):
     return tuple(normalized_meas) if len(normalized_meas) > 1 else normalized_meas[0]
 
 
-def gather_mcm_qjit(measurement, samples, is_valid):  # pragma: no cover
+def gather_mcm_qjit(measurement, samples, is_valid, postselect_mode=None):  # pragma: no cover
     """Process MCM measurements when the Catalyst compiler is active.
 
     Args:
@@ -330,7 +344,7 @@ def gather_mcm_qjit(measurement, samples, is_valid):  # pragma: no cover
         raise LookupError("MCM not found")
     meas = qml.math.squeeze(meas)
     if isinstance(measurement, (CountsMP, ProbabilityMP)):
-        interface = qml.math.get_deep_interface(is_valid)
+        interface = qml.math.get_interface(is_valid)
         sum_valid = qml.math.sum(is_valid)
         count_1 = qml.math.sum(meas * is_valid)
         if isinstance(measurement, CountsMP):
@@ -340,10 +354,10 @@ def gather_mcm_qjit(measurement, samples, is_valid):  # pragma: no cover
         if isinstance(measurement, ProbabilityMP):
             counts = qml.math.array([sum_valid - count_1, count_1], like=interface)
             return counts / sum_valid
-    return gather_non_mcm(measurement, meas, is_valid)
+    return gather_non_mcm(measurement, meas, is_valid, postselect_mode=postselect_mode)
 
 
-def gather_non_mcm(measurement, samples, is_valid):
+def gather_non_mcm(measurement, samples, is_valid, postselect_mode=None):
     """Combines, gathers and normalizes several measurements with trivial measurement values.
 
     Args:
@@ -364,25 +378,39 @@ def gather_non_mcm(measurement, samples, is_valid):
         if not measurement.all_outcomes:
             tmp = Counter({k: v for k, v in tmp.items() if v > 0})
         return dict(sorted(tmp.items()))
-    if isinstance(measurement, ExpectationMP):
-        return qml.math.sum(samples * is_valid) / qml.math.sum(is_valid)
-    if isinstance(measurement, ProbabilityMP):
-        return qml.math.sum(samples * is_valid.reshape((-1, 1)), axis=0) / qml.math.sum(is_valid)
+
     if isinstance(measurement, SampleMP):
-        is_interface_jax = qml.math.get_deep_interface(is_valid) == "jax"
-        if is_interface_jax and samples.ndim == 2:
-            is_valid = is_valid.reshape((-1, 1))
+        if postselect_mode == "pad-invalid-samples" and samples.ndim == 2:
+            is_valid = qml.math.reshape(is_valid, (-1, 1))
         return (
             qml.math.where(is_valid, samples, fill_in_value)
-            if is_interface_jax
+            if postselect_mode == "pad-invalid-samples"
             else samples[is_valid]
         )
+
+    if (interface := qml.math.get_interface(is_valid)) == "tensorflow":
+        # Tensorflow requires arrays that are used for arithmetic with each other to have the
+        # same dtype. We don't cast if measuring samples as float tf.Tensors cannot be used to
+        # index other tf.Tensors (is_valid is used to index valid samples).
+        is_valid = qml.math.cast_like(is_valid, samples)
+
+    if isinstance(measurement, ExpectationMP):
+        return qml.math.sum(samples * is_valid) / qml.math.sum(is_valid)
+    if isinstance(measurement, ProbabilityMP):
+        return qml.math.sum(samples * qml.math.reshape(is_valid, (-1, 1)), axis=0) / qml.math.sum(
+            is_valid
+        )
+
     # VarianceMP
     expval = qml.math.sum(samples * is_valid) / qml.math.sum(is_valid)
+    if interface == "tensorflow":
+        # Casting needed for tensorflow
+        samples = qml.math.cast_like(samples, expval)
+        is_valid = qml.math.cast_like(is_valid, expval)
     return qml.math.sum((samples - expval) ** 2 * is_valid) / qml.math.sum(is_valid)
 
 
-def gather_mcm(measurement, samples, is_valid):
+def gather_mcm(measurement, samples, is_valid, postselect_mode=None):
     """Combines, gathers and normalizes several measurements with non-trivial measurement values.
 
     Args:
@@ -403,20 +431,30 @@ def gather_mcm(measurement, samples, is_valid):
         if isinstance(measurement, ProbabilityMP):
             values = [list(m.branches.values()) for m in mv]
             values = list(itertools.product(*values))
-            values = [qml.math.array([v], like=interface) for v in values]
+            values = [qml.math.array([v], like=interface, dtype=mcm_samples.dtype) for v in values]
+            # Need to use boolean functions explicitly as Tensorflow does not allow integer math
+            # on boolean arrays
             counts = [
-                qml.math.sum(qml.math.all(mcm_samples == v, axis=1) * is_valid) for v in values
+                qml.math.count_nonzero(
+                    qml.math.logical_and(qml.math.all(mcm_samples == v, axis=1), is_valid)
+                )
+                for v in values
             ]
             counts = qml.math.array(counts, like=interface)
             return counts / qml.math.sum(counts)
         if isinstance(measurement, CountsMP):
             mcm_samples = [{"".join(str(int(v)) for v in tuple(s)): 1} for s in mcm_samples]
-        return gather_non_mcm(measurement, mcm_samples, is_valid)
+        return gather_non_mcm(measurement, mcm_samples, is_valid, postselect_mode=postselect_mode)
     mcm_samples = qml.math.ravel(qml.math.array(mv.concretize(samples), like=interface))
     if isinstance(measurement, ProbabilityMP):
-        counts = [qml.math.sum((mcm_samples == v) * is_valid) for v in list(mv.branches.values())]
+        # Need to use boolean functions explicitly as Tensorflow does not allow integer math
+        # on boolean arrays
+        counts = [
+            qml.math.count_nonzero(qml.math.logical_and((mcm_samples == v), is_valid))
+            for v in list(mv.branches.values())
+        ]
         counts = qml.math.array(counts, like=interface)
         return counts / qml.math.sum(counts)
     if isinstance(measurement, CountsMP):
         mcm_samples = [{float(s): 1} for s in mcm_samples]
-    return gather_non_mcm(measurement, mcm_samples, is_valid)
+    return gather_non_mcm(measurement, mcm_samples, is_valid, postselect_mode=postselect_mode)

pennylane/workflow/execution.py

@@ -466,6 +466,28 @@ def _deprecated_arguments_warnings(
     return tapes, override_shots, expand_fn, max_expansion, device_batch_transform
 
 
+def _update_mcm_config(mcm_config: "qml.devices.MCMConfig", interface: str, finite_shots: bool):
+    """Helper function to update the mid-circuit measurements configuration based on
+    execution parameters"""
+    if interface == "jax-jit" and mcm_config.mcm_method == "deferred":
+        # This is a current limitation of defer_measurements. "hw-like" behaviour is
+        # not yet accessible.
+        if mcm_config.postselect_mode == "hw-like":
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Using postselect_mode='hw-like' is not supported with jax-jit when using "
+                "mcm_method='deferred'."
+            )
+        mcm_config.postselect_mode = "fill-shots"
+
+    if (
+        finite_shots
+        and "jax" in interface
+        and mcm_config.mcm_method in (None, "one-shot")
+        and mcm_config.postselect_mode in (None, "hw-like")
+    ):
+        mcm_config.postselect_mode = "pad-invalid-samples"
+
+
 def execute(
     tapes: Sequence[QuantumTape],
     device: device_type,
@@ -696,16 +718,17 @@ def cost_fn(params, x):
     )
 
     # Mid-circuit measurement configuration validation
-    mcm_interface = _get_interface_name(tapes, "auto") if interface is None else interface
-    if mcm_interface == "jax-jit" and config.mcm_config.mcm_method == "deferred":
-        # This is a current limitation of defer_measurements. "hw-like" behaviour is
-        # not yet accessible.
-        if config.mcm_config.postselect_mode == "hw-like":
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Using postselect_mode='hw-like' is not supported with jax-jit when using "
-                "mcm_method='deferred'."
-            )
-        config.mcm_config.postselect_mode = "fill-shots"
+    mcm_interface = interface or _get_interface_name(tapes, "auto")
+    finite_shots = (
+        (
+            qml.measurements.Shots(device.shots)
+            if isinstance(device, qml.devices.LegacyDevice)
+            else device.shots
+        )
+        if override_shots is False
+        else override_shots
+    )
+    _update_mcm_config(config.mcm_config, mcm_interface, finite_shots)
 
     is_gradient_transform = isinstance(gradient_fn, qml.transforms.core.TransformDispatcher)
     transform_program, inner_transform = _make_transform_programs(