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# Disability

<!--@START_MENU_TOKEN@-->Summary<!--@END_MENU_TOKEN@-->

## Overview

<!--@START_MENU_TOKEN@-->Text<!--@END_MENU_TOKEN@-->

### Section header

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# Interface Perception
# Human Perception and Informational Models

A quick dip back into primordial soup to understand how everyone experiences the same world differently

@Metadata {
@PageColor(blue)
@TitleHeading("Perception of Information")
@TitleHeading("Perceiving Information")
@PageImage(
purpose: icon,
source: "brain",
Expand All @@ -19,59 +19,55 @@ A quick dip back into primordial soup to understand how everyone experiences the
label: "General Knowledge")
}

### Interfaces are just inputs and outputs
Operating a computing device is essentially an **exchange of data**: the device *provides information* to be received and *gets information* from the user.

### Multimodal Interfaces
**Information** transmitted by the device may take one of three forms of **content types** supported by the modern technology: **visual**, **auidial** and **tactile**.
## Multimodality of Information
Operating a computing device is essentially an **exchange of data**: the device *provides information* to be received and *gets information* from the user. As for today, **information** transmitted by the device may take one of three forms of **content types** supported by the modern technology: **visual**, **auidial** and **tactile**.

@Image(source: multimodality, alt: "")

But the thing is the **form of the content doesn't define the matter**. The same message may be presented by various **media types**. A birthday postcard, balloons animation in iMessage and a voice call may represent the absolutely same experience of being congratulated -- they convey the same **cognitive model**.
But the thing is the **form of the content doesn't define the matter**. The same message may be presented by various **media types**. A birthday postcard, balloons animation in iMessage and a voice call may represent the absolutely same experience of being congratulated -- they convey the same **informational model**.
@Image(source: placeholder-image, alt: "")

### Cognitive models of information
To understand why *different* **output forms** may have the same **meaning** let's research the mechanism of **perception** -- one's **ability to receive output from the outer world**.

## Reality is singular

To start with, being a living creature means **continuous communication with *reality***. But what exactly *is* reality?
## Informational models and their singularity
To start with, let's define information. Information is an abstract concept of data provided by an object.

### Reality is a set of objects with stated properties
An object is a conceptual unit of objective reality -- a conceptional model consisting of facts that define everything embedded in the universe.

@Image(source: milky-way, alt: "") {
*"Reality"* often refers to the **observable universe**
}

**Reality** as a conceptional model consisting of facts that define everything embedded in the universe. A *worldview*, which is **knowledge of the world**, is built of **perception** of these facts.


### One world - many worldviews
Regardless of how (if at all) this information is processed, the matter behind the cause stays the same.

@Image(source: earth, alt: "") {
All life lives on the same Earth
There is only one Earth
}

But does it mean that the same information is equally perceived by everyone able to receive it?

## Cognitive models are plural

Ability to receive information is called perception -- **ability to receive output from the outer world** inherent to living creatures.

The complexity of reality made carbon-based lifeforms diverse that much so it's hard to believe that all inhabitants of Earth **share the same nature**. Bacteria, insects, fish, cats, humans, corals, pine trees and mushrooms - all living creatures are made of the same elements by the same rules and live **in the same world**.

@Image(source: fish, alt: "") {
Lifeforms **diversity** is unmeasurable
}

## Perception is plural
Nevertheless, those living creatures who are **sentient**, i.e. **able to sense**, perceive the world *differently*. Each species have their own **knowledge of the world** -- their own **worldview**, defined by the set of **perceptional abilities** available for them.

Nevertheless, those living creatures who are **sentient**, i.e. **able to sense**, perceive the world *differently*. Each species have their own **knowledge of the world** -- their own **worldview**, defined by the set of **perceptional abilities** available for them. A model of **cognised environment** is called [**umwelt**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwelt), and an umwelt is consistent of [**qualias**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia) - instances of **subjective experience**.
> Note: A model of **cognised environment** is called [**umwelt**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwelt), and an umwelt is consistent of [**qualias**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia) - instances of **subjective experience**.
### Experience is composite
### Experience is subjective
**Subjectiveness of experience** comes from the **types of information** species are able to **recognise**. A **set** of such abilities available for a specie is called a **perceptional system**.

@Image(source: eyes, alt: "") {
Evolution made different eyes to see in **different conditions**
}

*Taxonomically* creatures are differentiated by their **evolutionary development**: for example, humans and cats are of one biological class -- **mammals** -- because these species are similar in their development.

### Sensory systems of similar species
Members of a particular **biological class** are capable of developing the same kinds of **cells** for particular **receptive organs**. Even though **humans** and **cats** perceive the reality drastically differently, their perceptions have **the same underlayment** -- but *implementation* is different.
@Row {
@Column {
@Image(source: eye, alt: "") {
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -99,20 +95,14 @@ Nevertheless, those living creatures who are **sentient**, i.e. **able to sense*
}
}
}

*Taxonomically* creatures are differentiated by their **evolutionary development**: for example, humans and cats are of one biological class -- **mammals** -- because these species are similar in their development.

Members of a particular **biological class** are capable of developing the same kinds of **cells** for particular **receptive organs**. Even though **humans** and **cats** perceive the reality drastically differently, their perceptions have **the same underlayment** -- but *implementation* is different.
@Image(source: placeholder-image, alt: "")

The situation is different for species of *other* classes, those with different kinds of **receptive cells**, and, therefore, **sensory organs**.

For examples, **insects** are able to **sense humidity** by a completely different perception than humans. Humans decide whether they are wet or not based on the feeling of temperature difference between their skin and the environment. Insects *just* feel wetness -- by *hygroreceptors* - specific **sensory cells**.
@Image(source: butterfly, alt: "") {
It knows it is wet
}

It is not required to be of a different specie to have different cognitive model of the world: *levels* of perception of a particular sense differ from a specie to specie. Dogs smell in a range thousands times wider than cats and moles are nearly completely blind, but as mammals they **all are able to see, hear, touch, smell and taste -- just to different degrees**.
Nevertheless, it is not required to be of a different specie to have different cognitive model of the world: *levels* of perception of a particular sense differ from a specie to specie. Dogs smell in a range thousands times wider than cats and moles are nearly completely blind, but as mammals they **all are able to see, hear, touch, smell and taste -- just to different degrees**.

@Image(source: color-blindness, alt: "")

Expand All @@ -129,7 +119,7 @@ It is possible to be born with a sensory system capabilities different from what
Albinism often comes with **congenital visual disability**
}

> Important: People who **were born** without an ability to use a particular sense, for example, those who are *congenitally* completely **blind** or **deaf** have no idea about visual or audial forms of information in the terms of how sighted or hearing people perceive it. **Their cognitive *image* of the world are different.**
> Important: People who **were born** without an ability to use a particular sense, for example, those who are *congenitally* completely **blind** or **deaf** have no idea about visual or audial forms of information in the terms of how sighted or hearing people perceive it. **Their *cognitive models* of the world are different.**
### Obtained impairments
Being born with **fully functional sensory system does not guarantee the integrity of perception forever**. Typical perception may be adjusted **temporary** or **permanently** during the life as a result of **changes within the receptive or processing organs**.
Expand All @@ -142,6 +132,8 @@ Being born with **fully functional sensory system does not guarantee the integri
It is natural for people to experience **vision loss** from **aging-related degradation of sensory organs**
}


## Differences in processing recieved information
## -- Ok. How does this all information helps me create accessible products?
The *most* important point that can be taken from this page (after the fact that no one is safe from losing abilities to sense, of course) is that **the meaning behind any cause is the same regardless of its interpretation**.

Expand All @@ -158,5 +150,3 @@ As *accessibility experts* it is our **goal** to create interfaces that are **pe
- <doc:AccessibleUX>
- <doc:ColorsAndShapes>
- <doc:AlternativeDescription>


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