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Building Graphs

Contents

Building Graphs

Classes and functions for building TensorFlow graphs.

Core graph data structures

class tf.Graph

A TensorFlow computation, represented as a dataflow graph.

A Graph contains a set of Operation objects, which represent units of computation; and Tensor objects, which represent the units of data that flow between operations.

A default Graph is always registered, and accessible by calling tf.get_default_graph(). To add an operation to the default graph, simply call one of the functions that defines a new Operation:

c = tf.constant(4.0)
assert c.graph is tf.get_default_graph()

Another typical usage involves the Graph.as_default() context manager, which overrides the current default graph for the lifetime of the context:

g = tf.Graph()
with g.as_default():
  # Define operations and tensors in `g`.
  c = tf.constant(30.0)
  assert c.graph is g

Important note: This class is not thread-safe for graph construction. All operations should be created from a single thread, or external synchronization must be provided. Unless otherwise specified, all methods are not thread-safe.

tf.Graph.__init__()

Creates a new, empty Graph.

tf.Graph.as_default()

Returns a context manager that makes this Graph the default graph.

This method should be used if you want to create multiple graphs in the same process. For convenience, a global default graph is provided, and all ops will be added to this graph if you do not create a new graph explicitly. Use this method the with keyword to specify that ops created within the scope of a block should be added to this graph.

The default graph is a property of the current thread. If you create a new thread, and wish to use the default graph in that thread, you must explicitly add a with g.as_default(): in that thread's function.

The following code examples are equivalent:

# 1. Using Graph.as_default():
g = tf.Graph()
with g.as_default():
  c = tf.constant(5.0)
  assert c.graph is g

# 2. Constructing and making default:
with tf.Graph().as_default() as g:
  c = tf.constant(5.0)
  assert c.graph is g
Returns:

A context manager for using this graph as the default graph.

tf.Graph.as_graph_def(from_version=None)

Returns a serialized GraphDef representation of this graph.

The serialized GraphDef can be imported into another Graph (using import_graph_def()) or used with the C++ Session API.

This method is thread-safe.

Args:
  • from_version: Optional. If this is set, returns a GraphDef containing only the nodes that were added to this graph since its version property had the given value.
Returns:

A GraphDef protocol buffer.

tf.Graph.finalize()

Finalizes this graph, making it read-only.

After calling g.finalize(), no new operations can be added to g. This method is used to ensure that no operations are added to a graph when it is shared between multiple threads, for example when using a QueueRunner.

tf.Graph.finalized

True if this graph has been finalized.

tf.Graph.control_dependencies(control_inputs)

Returns a context manager that specifies control dependencies.

Use with the with keyword to specify that all operations constructed within the context should have control dependencies on control_inputs. For example:

with g.control_dependencies([a, b, c]):
  # `d` and `e` will only run after `a`, `b`, and `c` have executed.
  d = ...
  e = ...

Multiple calls to control_dependencies() can be nested, and in that case a new Operation will have control dependencies on the union of control_inputs from all active contexts.

with g.control_dependencies([a, b]):
  # Ops declared here run after `a` and `b`.
  with g.control_dependencies([c, d]):
    # Ops declared here run after `a`, `b`, `c`, and `d`.

N.B. The control dependencies context applies only to ops that are constructed within the context. Merely using an op or tensor in the context does not add a control dependency. The following example illustrates this point:

# WRONG
def my_func(pred, tensor):
  t = tf.matmul(tensor, tensor)
  with tf.control_dependencies([pred]):
    # The matmul op is created outside the context, so no control
    # dependency will be added.
    return t

# RIGHT
def my_func(pred, tensor):
  with tf.control_dependencies([pred]):
    # The matmul op is created in the context, so a control dependency
    # will be added.
    return tf.matmul(tensor, tensor)
Args:
  • control_inputs: A list of Operation or Tensor objects, which must be executed or computed before running the operations defined in the context.
Returns:

A context manager that specifies control dependencies for all operations constructed within the context.

Raises:
  • TypeError: If control_inputs is not a list of Operation or Tensor objects.

tf.Graph.device(device_name_or_function)

Returns a context manager that specifies the default device to use.

The device_name_or_function argument may either be a device name string, a device function, or None:

  • If it is a device name string, all operations constructed in this context will be assigned to the device with that name.
  • If it is a function, it will be treated as function from Operation objects to device name strings, and invoked each time a new Operation is created. The Operation will be assigned to the device with the returned name.
  • If it is None, the default device will be cleared.

For example:

with g.device('/gpu:0'):
  # All operations constructed in this context will be placed
  # on GPU 0.
  with g.device(None):
    # All operations constructed in this context will have no
    # assigned device.

# Defines a function from `Operation` to device string.
def matmul_on_gpu(n):
  if n.type == "MatMul":
    return "/gpu:0"
  else:
    return "/cpu:0"

with g.device(matmul_on_gpu):
  # All operations of type "MatMul" constructed in this context
  # will be placed on GPU 0; all other operations will be placed
  # on CPU 0.
Args:
  • device_name_or_function: The device name or function to use in the context.
Returns:

A context manager that specifies the default device to use for newly created ops.

tf.Graph.name_scope(name)

Returns a context manager that creates hierarchical names for operations.

A graph maintains a stack of name scopes. A with name_scope(...): statement pushes a new name onto the stack for the lifetime of the context.

The name argument will be interpreted as follows:

  • A string (not ending with '/') will create a new name scope, in which name is appended to the prefix of all operations created in the context. If name has been used before, it will be made unique by calling self.unique_name(name).
  • A scope previously captured from a with g.name_scope(...) as scope: statement will be treated as an "absolute" name scope, which makes it possible to re-enter existing scopes.
  • A value of None or the empty string will reset the current name scope to the top-level (empty) name scope.

For example:

with tf.Graph().as_default() as g:
  c = tf.constant(5.0, name="c")
  assert c_1.name == "c"
  c_1 = tf.constant(6.0, name="c")
  assert c_1.name == "c_1"

  # Creates a scope called "nested"
  with g.name_scope("nested") as scope:
    nested_c = tf.constant(10.0, name="c")
    assert nested_c.name == "nested/c"

    # Creates a nested scope called "inner".
    with g.name_scope("inner"):
      nested_inner_c = tf.constant(20.0, name="c")
      assert nested_inner_c.name == "nested/inner/c"

    # Create a nested scope called "inner_1".
    with g.name_scope("inner"):
      nested_inner_1_c = tf.constant(30.0, name="c")
      assert nested_inner_1_c.name == "nested/inner_1/c"

      # Treats `scope` as an absolute name scope, and
      # switches to the "nested/" scope.
      with g.name_scope(scope):
        nested_d = tf.constant(40.0, name="d")
        assert nested_d.name == "nested/d"

        with g.name_scope(""):
          e = tf.constant(50.0, name="e")
          assert e.name == "e"

The name of the scope itself can be captured by with g.name_scope(...) as scope:, which stores the name of the scope in the variable scope. This value can be used to name an operation that represents the overall result of executing the ops in a scope. For example:

inputs = tf.constant(...)
with g.name_scope('my_layer') as scope:
  weights = tf.Variable(..., name="weights")
  biases = tf.Variable(..., name="biases")
  affine = tf.matmul(inputs, weights) + biases
  output = tf.nn.relu(affine, name=scope)
Args:
  • name: A name for the scope.
Returns:

A context manager that installs name as a new name scope.

A Graph instance supports an arbitrary number of "collections" that are identified by name. For convenience when building a large graph, collections can store groups of related objects: for example, the tf.Variable uses a collection (named tf.GraphKeys.VARIABLES) for all variables that are created during the construction of a graph. The caller may define additional collections by specifying a new name.

tf.Graph.add_to_collection(name, value)

Stores value in the collection with the given name.

Args:
  • name: The key for the collection. For example, the GraphKeys class contains many standard names for collections.
  • value: The value to add to the collection.

tf.Graph.get_collection(name, scope=None)

Returns a list of values in the collection with the given name.

Args:
  • key: The key for the collection. For example, the GraphKeys class contains many standard names for collections.
  • scope: (Optional.) If supplied, the resulting list is filtered to include only items whose name begins with this string.
Returns:

The list of values in the collection with the given name, or an empty list if no value has been added to that collection. The list contains the values in the order under which they were collected.

tf.Graph.as_graph_element(obj, allow_tensor=True, allow_operation=True)

Returns the object referred to by obj, as an Operation or Tensor.

This function validates that obj represents an element of this graph, and gives an informative error message if it is not.

This function is the canonical way to get/validate an object of one of the allowed types from an external argument reference in the Session API.

This method may be called concurrently from multiple threads.

Args:
  • obj: A Tensor, an Operation, or the name of a tensor or operation. Can also be any object with an _as_graph_element() method that returns a value of one of these types.
  • allow_tensor: If true, obj may refer to a Tensor.
  • allow_operation: If true, obj may refer to an Operation.
Returns:

The Tensor or Operation in the Graph corresponding to obj.

Raises:
  • TypeError: If obj is not a type we support attempting to convert to types.
  • ValueError: If obj is of an appropriate type but invalid. For example, an invalid string.
  • KeyError: If obj is not an object in the graph.

tf.Graph.get_operation_by_name(name)

Returns the Operation with the given name.

This method may be called concurrently from multiple threads.

Args:
  • name: The name of the Operation to return.
Returns:

The Operation with the given name.

Raises:
  • TypeError: If name is not a string.
  • KeyError: If name does not correspond to an operation in this graph.

tf.Graph.get_tensor_by_name(name)

Returns the Tensor with the given name.

This method may be called concurrently from multiple threads.

Args:
  • name: The name of the Tensor to return.
Returns:

The Tensor with the given name.

Raises:
  • TypeError: If name is not a string.
  • KeyError: If name does not correspond to a tensor in this graph.

tf.Graph.get_operations()

Return the list of operations in the graph.

You can modify the operations in place, but modifications to the list such as inserts/delete have no effect on the list of operations known to the graph.

This method may be called concurrently from multiple threads.

Returns:

A list of Operations.

tf.Graph.get_default_device()

Returns the default device.

Returns:

A string.

tf.Graph.seed

tf.Graph.unique_name(name)

Return a unique Operation name for "name".

Note: You rarely need to call unique_name() directly. Most of the time you just need to create "with g.name_scope()" blocks to generate structured names.

unique_name is used to generate structured names, separated by "/", to help identify Operations when debugging a Graph. Operation names are displayed in error messages reported by the TensorFlow runtime, and in various visualization tools such as TensorBoard.

Args:
  • name: The name for an Operation.
Returns:

A string to be passed to create_op() that will be used to name the operation being created.

tf.Graph.version

Returns a version number that increases as ops are added to the graph.

tf.Graph.create_op(op_type, inputs, dtypes, input_types=None, name=None, attrs=None, op_def=None, compute_shapes=True)

Creates an Operation in this graph.

This is a low-level interface for creating an Operation. Most programs will not call this method directly, and instead use the Python op constructors, such as tf.constant(), which add ops to the default graph.

Args:
  • op_type: The Operation type to create. This corresponds to the OpDef.name field for the proto that defines the operation.
  • inputs: A list of Tensor objects that will be inputs to the Operation.
  • dtypes: A list of DType objects that will be the types of the tensors that the operation produces.
  • input_types: (Optional.) A list of DTypes that will be the types of the tensors that the operation consumes. By default, uses the base DType of each input in inputs. Operations that expect reference-typed inputs must specify input_types explicitly.
  • name: (Optional.) A string name for the operation. If not specified, a name is generated based on op_type.
  • attrs: (Optional.) A list of AttrValue protos for the attr field of the NodeDef proto that will represent the operation.
  • op_def: (Optional.) The OpDef proto that describes the op_type that the operation will have.
  • compute_shapes: (Optional.) If True, shape inference will be performed to compute the shapes of the outputs.
Raises:
  • TypeError: if any of the inputs is not a Tensor.
Returns:

An Operation object.

tf.Graph.gradient_override_map(op_type_map)

EXPERIMENTAL: A context manager for overriding gradient functions.

This context manager can be used to override the gradient function that will be used for ops within the scope of the context.

For example:

@tf.RegisterGradient("CustomSquare")
def _custom_square_grad(op, inputs):
  # ...

with tf.Graph().as_default() as g:
  c = tf.constant(5.0)
  s_1 = tf.square(c)  # Uses the default gradient for tf.square.
  with g.gradient_override_map({"Square": "CustomSquare"}):
    s_2 = tf.square(s_2)  # Uses _custom_square_grad to compute the
                          # gradient of s_2.
Args:
  • op_type_map: A dictionary mapping op type strings to alternative op type strings.
Returns:

A context manager that sets the alternative op type to be used for one or more ops created in that context.

Raises:
  • TypeError: If op_type_map is not a dictionary mapping strings to strings.

class tf.Operation

Represents a graph node that performs computation on tensors.

An Operation is a node in a TensorFlow Graph that takes zero or more Tensor objects as input, and produces zero or more Tensor objects as output. Objects of type Operation are created by calling a Python op constructor (such as tf.matmul()) or Graph.create_op().

For example c = tf.matmul(a, b) creates an Operation of type "MatMul" that takes tensors a and b as input, and produces c as output.

After the graph has been launched in a session, an Operation can be executed by passing it to Session.run(). op.run() is a shortcut for calling tf.get_default_session().run(op).

tf.Operation.name

The full name of this operation.

tf.Operation.type

The type of the op (e.g. "MatMul").

tf.Operation.inputs

The list of Tensor objects representing the data inputs of this op.

tf.Operation.control_inputs

The Operation objects on which this op has a control dependency.

Before this op is executed, TensorFlow will ensure that the operations in self.control_inputs have finished executing. This mechanism can be used to run ops sequentially for performance reasons, or to ensure that the side effects of an op are observed in the correct order.

Returns:

A list of Operation objects.

tf.Operation.outputs

The list of Tensor objects representing the outputs of this op.

tf.Operation.device

The name of the device to which this op has been assigned, if any.

Returns:

The string name of the device to which this op has been assigned, or None if it has not been assigned to a device.

tf.Operation.graph

The Graph that contains this operation.

tf.Operation.run(feed_dict=None, session=None)

Runs this operation in a Session.

Calling this method will execute all preceding operations that produce the inputs needed for this operation.

N.B. Before invoking Operation.run(), its graph must have been launched in a session, and either a default session must be available, or session must be specified explicitly.

Args:
  • feed_dict: A dictionary that maps Tensor objects to feed values. See Session.run() for a description of the valid feed values.
  • session: (Optional.) The Session to be used to run to this operation. If none, the default session will be used.

tf.Operation.get_attr(name)

Returns the value of the attr of this op with the given name.

Args:
  • name: The name of the attr to fetch.
Returns:

The value of the attr, as a Python object.

Raises:
  • ValueError: If this op does not have an attr with the given name.

tf.Operation.traceback

Returns the call stack from when this operation was constructed.

Other Methods

tf.Operation.__init__(node_def, g, inputs=None, output_types=None, control_inputs=None, input_types=None, original_op=None, op_def=None)

Creates an Operation.

NOTE: This constructor validates the name of the Operation (passed as "node_def.name"). Valid Operation names match the following regular expression:

[A-Za-z0-9.][A-Za-z0-9_.-/]*

Args:
  • node_def: graph_pb2.NodeDef. NodeDef for the Operation. Used for attributes of graph_pb2.NodeDef, typically "name", "op", and "device". The "input" attribute is irrelevant here as it will be computed when generating the model.
  • g: Graph. The parent graph.
  • inputs: list of Tensor objects. The inputs to this Operation.
  • output_types: list of types_pb2.DataType. List of the types of the Tensors computed by this operation. The length of this list indicates the number of output endpoints of the Operation.
  • control_inputs: list of operations or tensors from which to have a control dependency.
  • input_types: List of types_pb2.DataType representing the types of the Tensors accepted by the Operation. By default uses [x.dtype.base_dtype for x in inputs]. Operations that expect reference-typed inputs must specify these explicitly.
  • original_op: Optional. Used to associate the new Operation with an existing Operation (for example, a replica with the op that was replicated).
  • op_def: Optional. The op_def_pb2.OpDef proto that describes the op type that this Operation represents.
Raises:
  • TypeError: if control inputs are not Operations or Tensors, or if node_def is not a NodeDef, or if g is not a Graph, or if inputs are not Tensors, or if inputs and input_types are incompatible.
  • ValueError: if the node_def name is not valid.

tf.Operation.node_def

Returns a serialized NodeDef representation of this operation.

Returns:

A NodeDef protocol buffer.

tf.Operation.op_def

Returns the OpDef proto that represents the type of this op.

Returns:

An OpDef protocol buffer.

tf.Operation.values()

DEPRECATED: Use outputs.

class tf.Tensor

Represents a value produced by an Operation.

A Tensor is a symbolic handle to one of the outputs of an Operation. It does not hold the values of that operation's output, but instead provides a means of computing those values in a TensorFlow Session.

This class has two primary purposes:

  1. A Tensor can be passed as an input to another Operation. This builds a dataflow connection between operations, which enables TensorFlow to execute an entire Graph that represents a large, multi-step computation.

  2. After the graph has been launched in a session, the value of the Tensor can be computed by passing it to Session.run(). t.eval() is a shortcut for calling tf.get_default_session().run(t).

In the following example, c, d, and e are symbolic Tensor objects, whereas result is a numpy array that stores a concrete value:

# Build a dataflow graph.
c = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]])
d = tf.constant([[1.0, 1.0], [0.0, 1.0]])
e = tf.matmul(c, d)

# Construct a `Session` to execut the graph.
sess = tf.Session()

# Execute the graph and store the value that `e` represents in `result`.
result = sess.run(e)

tf.Tensor.dtype

The DType of elements in this tensor.

tf.Tensor.name

The string name of this tensor.

tf.Tensor.value_index

The index of this tensor in the outputs of its Operation.

tf.Tensor.graph

The Graph that contains this tensor.

tf.Tensor.op

The Operation that produces this tensor as an output.

tf.Tensor.consumers()

Returns a list of Operations that consume this tensor.

Returns:

A list of Operations.

tf.Tensor.eval(feed_dict=None, session=None)

Evaluates this tensor in a Session.

Calling this method will execute all preceding operations that produce the inputs needed for the operation that produces this tensor.

N.B. Before invoking Tensor.eval(), its graph must have been launched in a session, and either a default session must be available, or session must be specified explicitly.

Args:
  • feed_dict: A dictionary that maps Tensor objects to feed values. See Session.run() for a description of the valid feed values.
  • session: (Optional.) The Session to be used to evaluate this tensor. If none, the default session will be used.
Returns:

A numpy array corresponding to the value of this tensor.

tf.Tensor.get_shape()

Returns the TensorShape that represents the shape of this tensor.

The shape is computed using shape inference functions that are registered for each Operation type using tf.RegisterShape. See TensorShape for more details of what a shape represents.

The inferred shape of a tensor is used to provide shape information without having to launch the graph in a session. This can be used for debugging, and providing early error messages. For example:

c = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]])

print c.get_shape()
==> TensorShape([Dimension(2), Dimension(3)])

d = tf.constant([[1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 1.0], [1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 1.0]])

print d.get_shape()
==> TensorShape([Dimension(4), Dimension(2)])

# Raises a ValueError, because `c` and `d` do not have compatible
# inner dimensions.
e = tf.matmul(c, d)

f = tf.matmul(c, d, transpose_a=True, transpose_b=True)

print f.get_shape()
==> TensorShape([Dimension(3), Dimension(4)])

In some cases, the inferred shape may have unknown dimensions. If the caller has additional information about the values of these dimensions, Tensor.set_shape() can be used to augment the inferred shape.

Returns:

A TensorShape representing the shape of this tensor.

tf.Tensor.set_shape(shape)

Updates the shape of this tensor.

This method can be called multiple times, and will merge the given shape with the current shape of this tensor. It can be used to provide additional information about the shape of this tensor that cannot be inferred from the graph alone. For example, this can be used to provide additional information about the shapes of images:

_, image_data = tf.TFRecordReader(...).read(...)
image = tf.image.decode_png(image_data, channels=3)

# The height and width dimensions of `image` are data dependent, and
# cannot be computed without executing the op.
print image.get_shape()
==> TensorShape([Dimension(None), Dimension(None), Dimension(3)])

# We know that each image in this dataset is 28 x 28 pixels.
image.set_shape([28, 28, 3])
print image.get_shape()
==> TensorShape([Dimension(28), Dimension(28), Dimension(3)])
Args:
  • shape: A TensorShape representing the shape of this tensor.
Raises:
  • ValueError: If shape is not compatible with the current shape of this tensor.

Other Methods

tf.Tensor.__init__(op, value_index, dtype)

Creates a new Tensor.

Args:
  • op: An Operation. Operation that computes this tensor.
  • value_index: An int. Index of the operation's endpoint that produces this tensor.
  • dtype: A types.DType. Type of data stored in this tensor.
Raises:
  • TypeError: If the op is not an Operation.

tf.Tensor.device

The name of the device on which this tensor will be produced, or None.

Tensor types

class tf.DType

Represents the type of the elements in a Tensor.

The following DType objects are defined:

  • tf.float32: 32-bit single-precision floating-point.

  • tf.float64: 64-bit double-precision floating-point.

  • tf.bfloat16: 16-bit truncated floating-point.

  • tf.complex64: 64-bit single-precision complex.

  • tf.int8: 8-bit signed integer.

  • tf.uint8: 8-bit unsigned integer.

  • tf.int32: 32-bit signed integer.

  • tf.int64: 64-bit signed integer.

  • tf.bool: Boolean.

  • tf.string: String.

  • tf.qint8: Quantized 8-bit signed integer.

  • tf.quint8: Quantized 8-bit unsigned integer.

  • tf.qint32: Quantized 32-bit signed integer.

In addition, variants of these types with the _ref suffix are defined for reference-typed tensors.

The tf.as_dtype() function converts numpy types and string type names to a DType object.

tf.DType.is_compatible_with(other)

Returns True if the other DType will be converted to this DType.

The conversion rules are as follows:

DType(T)       .is_compatible_with(DType(T))        == True
DType(T)       .is_compatible_with(DType(T).as_ref) == True
DType(T).as_ref.is_compatible_with(DType(T))        == False
DType(T).as_ref.is_compatible_with(DType(T).as_ref) == True
Args:
  • other: A DType (or object that may be converted to a DType).
Returns:

True if a Tensor of the other DType will be implicitly converted to this DType.

tf.DType.name

Returns the string name for this DType.

tf.DType.base_dtype

Returns a non-reference DType based on this DType.

tf.DType.is_ref_dtype

Returns True if this DType represents a reference type.

tf.DType.as_ref

Returns a reference DType based on this DType.

tf.DType.is_integer

Returns whether this is a (non-quantized) integer type.

tf.DType.is_quantized

Returns whether this is a quantized data type.

tf.DType.as_numpy_dtype

Returns a numpy.dtype based on this DType.

tf.DType.as_datatype_enum

Returns a types_pb2.DataType enum value based on this DType.

Other Methods

tf.DType.__init__(type_enum)

Creates a new DataType.

NOTE(mrry): In normal circumstances, you should not need to construct a DataType object directly. Instead, use the types.as_dtype() function.

Args:
  • type_enum: A types_pb2.DataType enum value.
Raises:
  • TypeError: If type_enum is not a value types_pb2.DataType.

tf.DType.max

Returns the maximum representable value in this data type.

Raises:
  • TypeError: if this is a non-numeric, unordered, or quantized type.

tf.DType.min

Returns the minimum representable value in this data type.

Raises:
  • TypeError: if this is a non-numeric, unordered, or quantized type.

tf.as_dtype(type_value)

Converts the given type_value to a DType.

Args:
  • type_value: A value that can be converted to a tf.DType object. This may currently be a tf.DType object, a DataType enum, a string type name, or a numpy.dtype.
Returns:

A DType corresponding to type_value.

Raises:
  • TypeError: If type_value cannot be converted to a DType.

Utility functions

tf.device(dev)

Wrapper for Graph.device() using the default graph.

See Graph.name_scope() for more details.

Args:
  • device_name_or_function: The device name or function to use in the context.
Returns:

A context manager that specifies the default device to use for newly created ops.

tf.name_scope(name)

Wrapper for Graph.name_scope() using the default graph.

See Graph.name_scope() for more details.

Args:
  • name: A name for the scope.
Returns:

A context manager that installs name as a new name scope in the default graph.

tf.control_dependencies(control_inputs)

Wrapper for Graph.control_dependencies() using the default graph.

See Graph.control_dependencies() for more details.

Args:
  • control_inputs: A list of Operation or Tensor objects, which must be executed or computed before running the operations defined in the context.
Returns:

A context manager that specifies control dependencies for all operations constructed within the context.

tf.convert_to_tensor(value, dtype=None, name=None)

Converts the given value to a Tensor.

This function converts Python objects of various types to Tensor objects. It accepts Tensor objects, numpy arrays, Python lists, and Python scalars. For example:

import numpy as np
array = np.random.rand((32, 100, 100))

def my_func(arg):
  arg = tf.convert_to_tensor(arg, dtype=tf.float32)
  return tf.matmul(arg, arg) + arg

# The following calls are equivalent.
value_1 = my_func(tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]]))
value_2 = my_func([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]])
value_3 = my_func(np.array([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]], dtype=np.float32))

This function can be useful when composing a new operation in Python (such as my_func in the example above). All standard Python op constructors apply this function to each of their Tensor-valued inputs, which allows those ops to accept numpy arrays, Python lists, and scalars in addition to Tensor objects.

Args:
  • value: An object whose type has a registered Tensor conversion function.
  • dtype: Optional element type for the returned tensor. If missing, the type is inferred from the type of value.
  • name: Optional name to use if a new Tensor is created.
Returns:

A Tensor based on value.

Raises:
  • TypeError: If no conversion function is registered for value.
  • RuntimeError: If a registered conversion function returns an invalid value.

tf.get_default_graph()

Returns the default graph for the current thread.

The returned graph will be the innermost graph on which a Graph.as_default() context has been entered, or a global default graph if none has been explicitly created.

N.B. The default graph is a property of the current thread. If you create a new thread, and wish to use the default graph in that thread, you must explicitly add a with g.as_default(): in that thread's function.

Returns:

The default Graph being used in the current thread.

tf.import_graph_def(graph_def, input_map=None, return_elements=None, name=None, op_dict=None)

Imports the TensorFlow graph in graph_def into the Python Graph.

This function provides a way to import a serialized TensorFlow GraphDef protocol buffer, and extract individual objects in the GraphDef as Tensor and Operation objects. See Graph.as_graph_def() for a way to create a GraphDef proto.

Args:
  • graph_def: A GraphDef proto containing operations to be imported into the default graph.
  • input_map: A dictionary mapping input names (as strings) in graph_def to Tensor objects. The values of the named input tensors in the imported graph will be re-mapped to the respective Tensor values.
  • return_elements: A list of strings containing operation names in graph_def that will be returned as Operation objects; and/or tensor names in graph_def that will be returned as Tensor objects.
  • name: (Optional.) A prefix that will be prepended to the names in graph_def. Defaults to "import".
  • op_dict: (Optional.) A dictionary mapping op type names to OpDef protos. Must contain an OpDef proto for each op type named in graph_def. If omitted, uses the OpDef protos registered in the global registry.
Returns:

A list of Operation and/or Tensor objects from the imported graph, corresponding to the names in `return_elements'.

Raises:
  • TypeError: If graph_def is not a GraphDef proto, input_map' is not a dictionary mapping strings to Tensorobjects, orreturn_elements` is not a list of strings.
  • ValueError: If input_map, or return_elements contains names that do not appear in graph_def, or graph_def is not well-formed (e.g. it refers to an unknown tensor).

Graph collections

tf.add_to_collection(name, value)

Wrapper for Graph.add_to_collection() using the default graph.

See Graph.add_to_collection() for more details.

Args:
  • name: The key for the collection. For example, the GraphKeys class contains many standard names for collections.
  • value: The value to add to the collection.

tf.get_collection(key, scope=None)

Wrapper for Graph.get_collection() using the default graph.

See Graph.get_collection() for more details.

Args:
  • key: The key for the collection. For example, the GraphKeys class contains many standard names for collections.
  • scope: (Optional.) If supplied, the resulting list is filtered to include only items whose name begins with this string.
Returns:

The list of values in the collection with the given name, or an empty list if no value has been added to that collection. The list contains the values in the order under which they were collected.

class tf.GraphKeys

Standard names to use for graph collections.

The standard library uses various well-known names to collect and retrieve values associated with a graph. For example, the tf.Optimizer subclasses default to optimizing the variables collected under tf.GraphKeys.TRAINABLE_VARIABLES if none is specified, but it is also possible to pass an explicit list of variables.

The following standard keys are defined:

  • VARIABLES: the Variable objects that comprise a model, and must be saved and restored together. See tf.all_variables() for more details.
  • TRAINABLE_VARIABLES: the subset of Variable objects that will be trained by an optimizer. See tf.trainable_variables() for more details.
  • SUMMARIES: the summary Tensor objects that have been created in the graph. See tf.merge_all_summaries() for more details.
  • QUEUE_RUNNERS: the QueueRunner objects that are used to produce input for a computation. See tf.start_queue_runners() for more details.

Defining new operations

class tf.RegisterGradient

A decorator for registering the gradient function for an op type.

This decorator is only used when defining a new op type. For an op with m inputs and n inputs, the gradient function is a function that takes the original Operation and n Tensor objects (representing the gradients with respect to each output of the op), and returns m Tensor objects (representing the partial gradients with respect to each input of the op).

For example, assuming that operations of type "Sub" take two inputs x and y, and return a single output x - y, the following gradient function would be registered:

@tf.RegisterGradient("Sub")
def _sub_grad(unused_op, grad):
  return grad, tf.Neg(grad)

The decorator argument op_type is the string type of an operation. This corresponds to the OpDef.name field for the proto that defines the operation.

tf.RegisterGradient.__init__(op_type)

Creates a new decorator with op_type as the Operation type.

Args:
  • op_type: The string type of an operation. This corresponds to the OpDef.name field for the proto that defines the operation.

tf.NoGradient(op_type)

Specifies that ops of type op_type do not have a defined gradient.

This function is only used when defining a new op type. It may be used for ops such as tf.size() that are not differentiable. For example:

tf.NoGradient("Size")
Args:
  • op_type: The string type of an operation. This corresponds to the OpDef.name field for the proto that defines the operation.
Raises:
  • TypeError: If op_type is not a string.

class tf.RegisterShape

A decorator for registering the shape function for an op type.

This decorator is only used when defining a new op type. A shape function is a function from an Operation object to a list of TensorShape objects, with one TensorShape for each output of the operation.

For example, assuming that operations of type "Sub" take two inputs x and y, and return a single output x - y, all with the same shape, the following shape function would be registered:

@tf.RegisterShape("Sub")
def _sub_shape(op):
  return [op.inputs[0].get_shape().merge_with(op.inputs[1].get_shape())]

The decorator argument op_type is the string type of an operation. This corresponds to the OpDef.name field for the proto that defines the operation.

tf.RegisterShape.__init__(op_type)

Saves the "op_type" as the Operation type.

class tf.TensorShape

Represents the shape of a Tensor.

A TensorShape represents a possibly-partial shape specification for a Tensor. It may be one of the following:

  • Fully-known shape: has a known number of dimensions and a known size for each dimension.
  • Partially-known shape: has a known number of dimensions, and an unknown size for one or more dimension.
  • Unknown shape: has an unknown number of dimensions, and an unknown size in all dimensions.

If a tensor is produced by an operation of type "Foo", its shape may be inferred if there is a registered shape function for "Foo". See tf.RegisterShape() for details of shape functions and how to register them. Alternatively, the shape may be set explicitly using Tensor.set_shape().

tf.TensorShape.merge_with(other)

Returns a TensorShape combining the information in self and other.

The dimensions in self and other are merged elementwise, according to the rules defined for Dimension.merge_with().

Args:
  • other: Another TensorShape.
Returns:

A TensorShape containing the combined information of self and other.

Raises:
  • ValueError: If self and other are not compatible.

tf.TensorShape.concatenate(other)

Returns the concatenation of the dimension in self and other.

N.B. If either self or other is completely unknown, concatenation will discard information about the other shape. In future, we might support concatenation that preserves this information for use with slicing.

Args:
  • other: Another TensorShape.
Returns:

A TensorShape whose dimensions are the concatenation of the dimensions in self and other.

tf.TensorShape.ndims

Returns the rank of this shape, or None if it is unspecified.

tf.TensorShape.dims

Returns a list of Dimensions, or None if the shape is unspecified.

tf.TensorShape.as_list()

Returns a list of integers or None for each dimension.

tf.TensorShape.is_compatible_with(other)

Returns True iff self is compatible with other.

Two possibly-partially-defined shapes are compatible if there exists a fully-defined shape that both shapes can represent. Thus, compatibility allows the shape inference code to reason about partially-defined shapes. For example:

  • TensorShape(None) is compatible with all shapes.

  • TensorShape([None, None]) is compatible with all two-dimensional shapes, such as TensorShape([32, 784]), and also TensorShape(None). It is not compatible with, for example, TensorShape([None]) or TensorShape([None, None, None]).

  • TensorShape([32, None]) is compatible with all two-dimensional shapes with size 32 in the 0th dimension, and also TensorShape([None, None]) and TensorShape(None). It is not compatible with, for example, TensorShape([32]), TensorShape([32, None, 1]) or TensorShape([64, None]).

  • TensorShape([32, 784]) is compatible with itself, and also TensorShape([32, None]), TensorShape([None, 784]), TensorShape([None, None]) and TensorShape(None). It is not compatible with, for example, TensorShape([32, 1, 784]) or TensorShape([None]).

The compatibility relation is reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive. For example, TensorShape([32, 784]) is compatible with TensorShape(None), and TensorShape(None) is compatible with TensorShape([4, 4]), but TensorShape([32, 784]) is not compatible with TensorShape([4, 4]).

Args:
  • other: Another TensorShape.
Returns:

True iff self is compatible with other.

tf.TensorShape.is_fully_defined()

Returns True iff self is fully defined in every dimension.

tf.TensorShape.with_rank(rank)

Returns a shape based on self with the given rank.

This method promotes a completely unknown shape to one with a known rank.

Args:
  • rank: An integer.
Returns:

A shape that is at least as specific as self with the given rank.

Raises:
  • ValueError: If self does not represent a shape with the given rank.

tf.TensorShape.with_rank_at_least(rank)

Returns a shape based on self with at least the given rank.

Args:
  • rank: An integer.
Returns:

A shape that is at least as specific as self with at least the given rank.

Raises:
  • ValueError: If self does not represent a shape with at least the given rank.

tf.TensorShape.with_rank_at_most(rank)

Returns a shape based on self with at most the given rank.

Args:
  • rank: An integer.
Returns:

A shape that is at least as specific as self with at most the given rank.

Raises:
  • ValueError: If self does not represent a shape with at most the given rank.

tf.TensorShape.assert_has_rank(rank)

Raises an exception if self is not compatible with the given rank.

Args:
  • rank: An integer.
Raises:
  • ValueError: If self does not represent a shape with the given rank.

tf.TensorShape.assert_same_rank(other)

Raises an exception if self and other do not have compatible ranks.

Args:
  • other: Another TensorShape.
Raises:
  • ValueError: If self and other do not represent shapes with the same rank.

tf.TensorShape.assert_is_compatible_with(other)

Raises exception if self and other do not represent the same shape.

This method can be used to assert that there exists a shape that both self and other represent.

Args:
  • other: Another TensorShape.
Raises:
  • ValueError: If self and other do not represent the same shape.

tf.TensorShape.assert_is_fully_defined()

Raises an exception if self is not fully defined in every dimension.

Raises:
  • ValueError: If self does not have a known value for every dimension.

Other Methods

tf.TensorShape.__init__(dims)

Creates a new TensorShape with the given dimensions.

Args:
  • dims: A list of Dimensions, or None if the shape is unspecified.
  • DEPRECATED: A single integer is treated as a singleton list.

tf.TensorShape.as_dimension_list()

DEPRECATED: use as_list().

tf.TensorShape.num_elements()

Returns the total number of elements, or none for incomplete shapes.

class tf.Dimension

Represents the value of one dimension in a TensorShape.

tf.Dimension.__init__(value)

Creates a new Dimension with the given value.

tf.Dimension.assert_is_compatible_with(other)

Raises an exception if other is not compatible with this Dimension.

Args:
  • other: Another Dimension.
Raises:
  • ValueError: If self and other are not compatible (see is_compatible_with).

tf.Dimension.is_compatible_with(other)

Returns true if other is compatible with this Dimension.

Two known Dimensions are compatible if they have the same value. An unknown Dimension is compatible with all other Dimensions.

Args:
  • other: Another Dimension.
Returns:

True if this Dimension and other are compatible.

tf.Dimension.merge_with(other)

Returns a Dimension that combines the information in self and other.

Dimensions are combined as follows:

Dimension(n) .merge_with(Dimension(n)) == Dimension(n) Dimension(n) .merge_with(Dimension(None)) == Dimension(n) Dimension(None).merge_with(Dimension(n)) == Dimension(n) Dimension(None).merge_with(Dimension(None)) == Dimension(None) Dimension(n) .merge_with(Dimension(m)) raises ValueError for n != m

Args:
  • other: Another Dimension.
Returns:

A Dimension containing the combined information of self and other.

Raises:
  • ValueError: If self and other are not compatible (see is_compatible_with).

tf.Dimension.value

The value of this dimension, or None if it is unknown.

tf.op_scope(values, name, default_name)

Returns a context manager for use when defining a Python op.

This context manager validates that the given values are from the same graph, ensures that that graph is the default graph, and pushes a name scope.

For example, to define a new Python op called my_op:

def my_op(a, b, c, name=None):
  with tf.op_scope([a, b, c], name, "MyOp") as scope:
    a = tf.convert_to_tensor(a, name="a")
    b = tf.convert_to_tensor(b, name="b")
    c = tf.convert_to_tensor(c, name="c")
    # Define some computation that uses `a`, `b`, and `c`.
    return foo_op(..., name=scope)
Args:
  • values: The list of Tensor arguments that are passed to the op function.
  • name: The name argument that is passed to the op function.
  • default_name: The default name to use if the name argument is None.
Returns:

A context manager for use in defining a Python op.

tf.get_seed(op_seed)

Returns the local seeds an operation should use given an op-specific seed.

Given operation-specific seed, op_seed, this helper function returns two seeds derived from graph-level and op-level seeds. Many random operations internally use the two seeds to allow user to change the seed globally for a graph, or for only specific operations.

For details on how the graph-level seed interacts with op seeds, see set_random_seed.

Args:
  • op_seed: integer.
Returns:

A tuple of two integers that should be used for the local seed of this operation.