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Hardware
Most microphones with pre-amps should work as long as the hardware is plugged into the analog ports of your microcontroller. If you are looking for a reference schematic I advice you to take a look at this stack exchange question. It shows all the necessary components.
If you are using a bare electret microphone will most likely need to construct an amplification circuit. The [SparkFun Breakout Board for Electret Microphone] (https://www.sparkfun.com/products/9964) provides an amplifier circuit for you and you can copy the design from [the breakout board schematic] (https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/BreakoutBoards/Amplified-Mic-Electret-v14.pdf).
All arduino-compatible controllers should work independent of microcontroller architecture. I've been working with an arduino UNO. If you wish to port to a new platform, the platform MUST have 300 bytes of RAM and an analog to digital converter.
Read on the porting section.