Quick search Ctrl/Cmd + F the commands you need.
Check Linux version
lsb_release -a
Check Linux Architecture
uname -m
Change computer hostname
sudo nano /etc/hostname
Then update the old name with a new name.
sudo nano /etc/hosts
Then update any occurrence of the old name with a new name.
Check global disk storage usage
df -h
Check currunt disk storage usage
df -h .
Check all folder sizes recursively in the current folder
du -h
du -h .
Check folder sizes only in the current directory
du -h --max-depth=1 | sort -hr
Check top 20 largest directories under the current folder
du -Sh | sort -rh | head -20
Add a new path <new_bin_path>
export PATH=$PATH:<new_bin_path>
Example: <new_bin_path>=/home/user/.local/bin
export PATH=$PATH:/home/user/.local/bin
Display $PATH to verify
echo $PATH
Check CPU information
lscpu
Check hardware model
dmidecode | grep -A3 '^System Information'
Check RAM speed and type
sudo dmidecode --type 17
Check hard drive speed
sudo hdparm -Tt <Filesystem>
Example <Filesystem>=/dev/sdb2
sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sdb2
Grant read, write and execute permissions for everyone, convenient for logging
chmod 777 <foldername/filename>
Grant read, write and execute permissions for everyone recursively, convenient for logging
chmod -R 777 <foldername/filename>
Enable syntax highlighting in vim on Mac
echo "syntax on" >> ~/.vimrc
Set default colorscheme in vim
Add colorscheme <colorscheme> in ~/.vimrc
Example <colorscheme>=industry
vim ~/.vimrc
colorscheme industry
Switch to colemak keyboard layout (1)
setxkbmap us -variant colemak
Switch to colemak keyboard layout (2)
cd ~/Downloads
wget https://colemak.com/pub/unix/colemak-1.0.tar.gz
tar -xf colemak-1.0.tar.gz
cd colemak-1.0
setxkbmap us; xmodmap xmodmap/xmodmap.colemak && xset r 66
Switch back to us-qwert keyboard layout
setxkbmap us
Swap Left Alt with Left Ctrl
sudo apt-get install gnome-tweak-tool
gnome-tweaks
Keyboard & Mouse -> Additional Layout Options -> Ctrl position -> Swap Left Alt with Left Ctrl
Reset function keys by default on Ubuntu using an Apple keyboard
echo 2 | sudo tee /sys/module/hid_apple/parameters/fnmode
Remap key
xev
Example: when pressing Left does not move left
KeyRelease event, serial 37, synthetic NO, window 0x5e00001,
root 0x1e2, subw 0x0, time 96268495, (1670,972), root:(1904,1200),
state 0x2010, keycode 113 (keysym 0xff7e, Mode_switch), same_screen YES,
XLookupString gives 0 bytes:
XFilterEvent returns: False
xmodmap -e 'keycode 113 = Left'
Adjust mouse wheel scroll speed
sudo apt install imwheel
bash <(curl -s http://www.nicknorton.net/mousewheel.sh)
If the aforementioned url broke, try
sudo apt install imwheel
bash <(curl -s https://gist.hubusercontent.com/AshishKapoor/6f054e43578659b4525c47bf279099ba/raw/0b2ad8b67f02ebb01d99294b0ecb6feacc078f67/mousewheel.sh)
Stop laptop going to sleep when closing the lid
sudo nano /etc/systemd/logind.conf
Change
#HandleLidSwitch=suspend
to
HandleLidSwitch=ignore
then
sudo systemctl restart systemd-logind
Add a new user
sudo adduser <new_username>
Add a user to sudo group
usermod -aG sudo <username>
Switch to another user on one terminal
su - <another_user>
Install openssh server
sudo apt-get install openssh-server
Verify ssh service running
sudo systemctl status ssh
Enable ssh server
sudo systemctl enable ssh
Start ssh server
sudo systemctl start ssh
ssh via public/private key
also a alterniative solution to Permission Denied (publickey) problem.
Local Machine
mkdir ~/.ssh
chmod 700 ~/.ssh
cd ~/.ssh
ssh-keygen -t rsa
Terminal
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/<user>/.ssh/id_rsa): mykey
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in mykey.
Your public key has been saved in mykey.pub.
Enter key name (e.g. mykey on Terminal). Remember the passphrase yourself.
Executing the following command may still encounter the same issue of Permission denied (publickey).
ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/mykey <user>@<remote_host>
Remote Machine
cd ~/.ssh
scp <user>@<local_host>:/home/<user>/.ssh/mykey.pub ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
Local Machine
ssh -i ~/.ssh/mykey <user>@<remote_host>
via passphrase
Count Files
ls | wc -l
Count Files in <foldername>
ls <foldername> | wc -l
List the first 5 files
ls -U | head -n 5
List the last 5 files
ls -U | tail -n 5
Reference: ChatGPT 3.5
Rename images as preparation for video making rename4video.py
Zip all folders in a directory and store the content in the corresponding folders with the same folder names
Create a zip_folders.sh:
#!/bin/bash
# Assuming your folders are in the current directory
for folder in */; do
# Trim trailing slash to get folder name
folder_name=${folder%/}
# Create a zip file for each folder
zip -r "${folder_name}.zip" "$folder_name"
done
bash zip_folders.sh
Reference: ChatGPT 3.5
Unzip all zipped files in a directory and store the content with the same folder name
find . -name '*.zip' -exec sh -c 'unzip -d "${1%.*}" "$1"' _ {} \;
Untar all tar files in a directory
for f in *.tar; do tar xf "$f"; done
Create a video from images
ffmpeg -framerate <FRAME_RATE> -i <DATASET_DEST_IMG_PATH>/image-%05d.png -c:v libx264 -profile:v high -crf 20 -pix_fmt yuv420p <DATASET_DEST_IMG_PATH>/RGB_video.mp4
Example FRAME_RATE=30 DATASET_DEST_IMG_PATH=/home/username/Data/RGB_copy/
ffmpeg -framerate 30 -i /home/username/Data/RGB_copy/image-%05d.png -c:v libx264 -profile:v high -crf 20 -pix_fmt yuv420p /home/username/Data/RGB_copy/RGB_video.mp4
List all disk devices
lsblk
e.g.
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINT
loop0 squashfs 0 100% /snap/bare/5
loop1 squashfs 0 100% /snap/core18/1705
loop2 squashfs 0 100% /snap/snap-store/433
loop3 squashfs 0 100% /snap/snapd/7264
loop4 squashfs 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-34-1804/24
loop5 squashfs 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1506
loop6 squashfs 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535
loop7 squashfs 0 100% /snap/core18/2745
loop8 squashfs 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-34-1804/93
sda
├─sda1 vfat 55D0-8CD7 504.9M 1% /boot/efi
└─sda2 ext4 53be03f3-b5bf-42a6-8f0c-0252d025f6b7 848.5G 2% /
sdb
├─sdb1 vfat FACF-6821
├─sdb2
├─sdb3 ntfs 7C0A175A0A17112E
├─sdb4 ntfs 5CAC7AEAAC7ABDD8
├─sdb5 ntfs 新加卷 141A38A91A3889AE
└─sdb6 ntfs 新加卷 A2042BC1042B9777
Format Disk Partition /dev/sdb with ext4 File System
sudo mkfs -f ext4 /dev/sdb
Mount a new disk /dev/sdb1 not shown by df -h but listed by lsblk, ls /dev/sd* or sudo fdisk -l
sudo mkdir /ssh
Otherwise, it may encounter the issue of mount: /ssh: mount point does not exist.
Then
sudo vim /etc/fstab
add the below line to the end of the file
/dev/sdb1 /ssd ext4 defaults 0 0
sudo mount /ssd
If the following problem occurs
mount: /ssd: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb1, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.
do (note that mkfs.ext4 will erase data!)
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
and sudo mount /ssd again, you will see the new disk by df -h
If ext4 does not work, try exfat format
Rename the directory name listed under the Mounted on column after df -h
Example: remove _ from /_eDrive where /_eDrive is the current directory of the external drive to be renamed.
df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
...
/dev/sdc 1.8T 1.5T 306G 83% /_eDrive
sudo umount /_eDrive
sudo mkdir /eDrive
sudo vi /etc/fstab
Append
/dev/sdc /eDrive ext4 defaults 0 0
to the end of this file.
sudo mount /dev/sdc
Then run df -h and you should be able to see
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
...
/dev/sdc 1.8T 1.5T 306G 83% /eDrive
Kill all background jobs
kill $(jobs -p)
Download files from Google Drive
pip install gdown
gdown https://drive.google.com/uc?id=<file_id>
Example https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h_8Ts11rf0GQ4_n6FgmCeBuFcWrRjJfa/view
gdown https://drive.google.com/uc?id=1h_8Ts11rf0GQ4_n6FgmCeBuFcWrRjJfa
Setup Razer Core X
pcie_ports=native pci=assign-busses,nocrs,realloc iommu=on
sudo update-grub
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:hertg/egpu-switcher
sudo apt install egpu-switcher
sudo egpu-switcher setup
Then Reboot the system.
Install Docker on Ubuntu 18.04
Check CUDA version
nvcc --version
nvcc -V
ls -l /usr/local | grep cuda
Check CUDA version - Prerequisite
sudo apt install nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Check TensorFlow version
pip list | grep tensorflow
python -c 'import tensorflow as tf; print(tf.__version__)'
Check Keras version
pip list | grep Keras
python -c 'import keras; print(keras.__version__)'
Check PyTorch version
python -c 'import torch; print(torch.__version__)'
Check OpenCV version
python -c 'import cv2; print(cv2.__version__)'
Set global user email
git config --global user.email "<you@example.com>"
Set global username
git config --global user.name "<Your Name>"
Save user's credential
git config credential.helper store
List env names
conda info --envs
Clone env <env_name> from machine source to destination
In source machine
conda list --explicit > <env_name>.txt
Example <env_name>=cln_env
conda list --explicit > cln_env.txt
Then cln_env.txt to destination machine
In destination machine
conda create --name <env_name> --file <path_to_><env_name>.txt
Example <env_name>=cln_env under the <path_to_> folder
conda create --name cln_env --file cln_env.txt
Launch jupyter notebook kernel on a remote server
jupyter notebook --no-browser --port=<PORT_NUM>
Example <PORT_NUM>=8888
jupyter notebook --no-browser --port=8888
Launch jupyter notebook kernel with a specific GPU on a remote server
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=<GPU_NUM> jupyter notebook --no-browser --port=<PORT_NUM>
Example <GPU_NUM>=0 <PORT_NUM>=8888
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 jupyter notebook --no-browser --port=8888
ssh on a local machine
ssh -N -f -L 127.0.0.1:<PORT_NUM>:127.0.0.1:<PORT_NUM> <USER>@<URL>
Example <PORT_NUM>=8888 <USER>=admin <URL>=192.168.1.3
ssh -N -f -L 127.0.0.1:8888:127.0.0.1:8888 admin@192.168.1.3
Then open a browser on the local machine with the URL provided on the Terminal, e.g. *localhost:8888*
Kill port <PORT_NUM> in use
lsof -ti:<PORT_NUM>
Example <PORT_NUM>=8880
lsof -ti:8880
Train a model with a specific GPU
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=<GPU_NUM> python train.py
Example <GPU_NUM>=0
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python train.py
docker ps -a
(base) <user>@<machine>:~$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
<CONTAINER_ID> <IMAGE_ID> "/bin/bash" 6 minutes ago Up 6 minutes funny_mcnulty
docker run --ipc=host --shm-size=16384m -it -v /:/share --gpus all --network=bridge <IMAGE_ID> /bin/bash
nvidia-docker run --ipc=host --shm-size=16384m -it -v /:/share --network=bridge <IMAGE_ID> /bin/bash
However, when you exit the container by exit, it will also shut down.
If you need to regularly exit and enter a container, it is recommended to run it in detached mode (in the background) with -d:
docker run -d --ipc=host --shm-size=16384m -it -v /:/share --gpus all --network=bridge <IMAGE_ID> /bin/bash
nvidia-docker run -d --ipc=host --shm-size=16384m -it -v /:/share --network=bridge <IMAGE_ID> /bin/bash
docker exec -it <CONTAINER_ID> /bin/bash
Run Tensorboard on a remote server
tensorboard --logdir=runs
Then check the <PORT_NUM> displayed on the Terminal.
ssh on a local machine:
ssh -N -f -L 127.0.0.1:<PORT_NUM>:127.0.0.1:<PORT_NUM> <USER>@<URL>
Example <PORT_NUM>=6006 <USER>=admin <URL>=192.168.1.3
ssh -N -f -L 127.0.0.1:6006:127.0.0.1:6006 admin@192.168.1.3
Then open a browser on the local machine with the URL provided on the Terminal, e.g. *localhost:6006*.
Replace delete-line shortcut ctrl-shift-k with ctrl-d
Edit -> Preferences -> Keybindings
Search ctrl-shift-k in the "Search keybindings" box, find the command of delete-line
editor:delete-line
Search ctrl-d (which you want to use) in the "Search keybindings" box
Click your keymap file, then it will navigate to .atom/keymap.cson, enter the following text in this file
Linux:
'atom-text-editor:not([mini])':
'ctrl-d': 'editor:delete-line'
macOS
'atom-text-editor:not([mini])':
'cmd-d': 'editor:delete-line'
Save the file .atom/keymap.cson and restart Atom to take effect.
Select multiple lines
Cmd + Shift + L
Combine multiple lines in one row
Cmd + J
local machine
sudo apm install remote-atom
Open Atom app: Packages -> Remote Atom -> Start Server
remote server
sudo curl -o /usr/local/bin/rmate https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aurora/rmate/master/rmate
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/rmate
local machine
ssh -R 52698:localhost:52698 <user@example.com>
remote machine
rmate <test.txt>
Write latex-like math equations in Markdown in Github *.md files
<img src="https://render.githubusercontent.com/render/math?math={<latex-like_equations>}">
Fill the placeholder <latex-like_equations>. Example
<img src="https://render.githubusercontent.com/render/math?math={\kappa_{\Theta}=\frac{\lambda_{max}}{\lambda_{min}}}">
Display
Make hard disk compatible (read & write) in both Mac or Linux (Ubuntu) systems: choose partition format as ExFAT when erasing the whole disk on Mac.