[SPARK-48898][SQL] Set nullability correctly in the Variant schema

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

The variantShreddingSchema method converts a human-readable schema for Variant to one that's a valid shredding schema. According to the shredding schema in apache/parquet-format#461, each shredded field in an object should be a required group - i.e. a non-nullable struct. This PR fixes the variantShreddingSchema to mark that struct as non-nullable.

### Why are the changes needed?

If we use variantShreddingSchema to construct a schema for Parquet, the schema would be technically non-conformant with the spec by setting the group as optional. I don't think this should really matter to readers, but it would waste a bit of space in the Parquet file by adding an extra definition level.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

No, this code is not used yet.

### How was this patch tested?

Added a test to do some minimal validation of the variantShreddingSchema function.

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?

No.

Closes apache#49151 from cashmand/SPARK-48898-nullability-again.

Authored-by: cashmand <david.cashman@databricks.com>
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/parquet/SparkShreddingUtils.scala

@@ -73,16 +73,21 @@ case object SparkShreddingUtils {
    */
   def variantShreddingSchema(dataType: DataType, isTopLevel: Boolean = true): StructType = {
     val fields = dataType match {
-      case ArrayType(elementType, containsNull) =>
+      case ArrayType(elementType, _) =>
+        // Always set containsNull to false. One of value or typed_value must always be set for
+        // array elements.
         val arrayShreddingSchema =
-          ArrayType(variantShreddingSchema(elementType, false), containsNull)
+          ArrayType(variantShreddingSchema(elementType, false), containsNull = false)
         Seq(
           StructField(VariantValueFieldName, BinaryType, nullable = true),
           StructField(TypedValueFieldName, arrayShreddingSchema, nullable = true)
         )
       case StructType(fields) =>
+        // The field name level is always non-nullable: Variant null values are represented in the
+        // "value" columna as "00", and missing values are represented by setting both "value" and
+        // "typed_value" to null.
         val objectShreddingSchema = StructType(fields.map(f =>
-            f.copy(dataType = variantShreddingSchema(f.dataType, false))))
+            f.copy(dataType = variantShreddingSchema(f.dataType, false), nullable = false)))
         Seq(
           StructField(VariantValueFieldName, BinaryType, nullable = true),
           StructField(TypedValueFieldName, objectShreddingSchema, nullable = true)

sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/VariantShreddingSuite.scala

@@ -155,7 +155,16 @@ class VariantShreddingSuite extends QueryTest with SharedSparkSession with Parqu
       Row(metadata(Nil), null, Array(Row(null, null))))
     checkException(path, "v", "MALFORMED_VARIANT")
     // Shredded field must not be null.
-    writeRows(path, writeSchema(StructType.fromDDL("a int")),
+    // Construct the schema manually, because SparkShreddingUtils.variantShreddingSchema will make
+    // `a` non-nullable, which would prevent us from writing the file.
+    val schema = StructType(Seq(StructField("v", StructType(Seq(
+      StructField("metadata", BinaryType),
+      StructField("value", BinaryType),
+      StructField("typed_value", StructType(Seq(
+        StructField("a", StructType(Seq(
+          StructField("value", BinaryType),
+          StructField("typed_value", BinaryType))))))))))))
+    writeRows(path, schema,
       Row(metadata(Seq("a")), null, Row(null)))
     checkException(path, "v", "MALFORMED_VARIANT")
     // `value` must not contain any shredded field.

sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/VariantWriteShreddingSuite.scala

@@ -67,6 +67,36 @@ class VariantWriteShreddingSuite extends SparkFunSuite with ExpressionEvalHelper
 
   private val emptyMetadata: Array[Byte] = parseJson("null").getMetadata
 
+  test("variantShreddingSchema") {
+    // Validate the schema produced by SparkShreddingUtils.variantShreddingSchema for a few simple
+    // cases.
+    // metadata is always non-nullable.
+    assert(SparkShreddingUtils.variantShreddingSchema(IntegerType) ==
+      StructType(Seq(
+        StructField("metadata", BinaryType, nullable = false),
+        StructField("value", BinaryType, nullable = true),
+        StructField("typed_value", IntegerType, nullable = true))))
+
+    val fieldA = StructType(Seq(
+      StructField("value", BinaryType, nullable = true),
+      StructField("typed_value", TimestampNTZType, nullable = true)))
+    val arrayType = ArrayType(StructType(Seq(
+      StructField("value", BinaryType, nullable = true),
+      StructField("typed_value", StringType, nullable = true))), containsNull = false)
+    val fieldB = StructType(Seq(
+      StructField("value", BinaryType, nullable = true),
+      StructField("typed_value", arrayType, nullable = true)))
+    val objectType = StructType(Seq(
+      StructField("a", fieldA, nullable = false),
+      StructField("b", fieldB, nullable = false)))
+    val structSchema = DataType.fromDDL("a timestamp_ntz, b array<string>")
+    assert(SparkShreddingUtils.variantShreddingSchema(structSchema) ==
+      StructType(Seq(
+        StructField("metadata", BinaryType, nullable = false),
+        StructField("value", BinaryType, nullable = true),
+        StructField("typed_value", objectType, nullable = true))))
+  }
+
   test("shredding as fixed numeric types") {
     /* Cast integer to any wider numeric type. */
     testWithSchema("1", IntegerType, Row(emptyMetadata, null, 1))