Wiki update Jul 24, 1.0.2

* Add study group info (#298)

* ✨ feat: Prehistory of Ethereum (#226)

* ✨ feat: p2p computing

* ✨ feat: Overview: Bitcoin

* ✨ feat: Overview: Ethereum world comptuer

* ✨ feat: Overview: Applications

* 🥢 nit:

* nit

Co-authored-by: Mário Havel <61149543+taxmeifyoucan@users.noreply.github.com>

* ✨ feat: Revised intro

* ✨ feat: Internet

* ✨ feat: Map of ARPANET

* ✨ feat: Unix

* ✨ feat: fin

* 🥢 nit: intro

* ✨ feat: Documentary GNU/Linux, Crypto Anarchy

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Co-authored-by: rahul <raxhvl@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Mário Havel <61149543+taxmeifyoucan@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add files via upload (#302)

* Create content for scourge under the staking economics track (#300)

* change title lowercase to uppercase

* create content for scourge under the staking economics track

* remove extra space in reference

* add words to wordlist

* reordered the numbering and removed unsed content

* MEV-track and staking economics track in the same table

removed the added tablea header: MEV-track and staking economics track can be in the same table

* reordered the staking economics table content

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Co-authored-by: DanGoron <97026899+gorondan@users.noreply.github.com>

* Design rationale for DHT (#304)

* design rationale for DHT

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Mário Havel <61149543+taxmeifyoucan@users.noreply.github.com>

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Co-authored-by: Mário Havel <61149543+taxmeifyoucan@users.noreply.github.com>

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Co-authored-by: rahul <10168946+raxhvl@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: rahul <raxhvl@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Rory Arredondo <93159440+arredr2@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Glory Agatevure <agatevureglory@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: DanGoron <97026899+gorondan@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Chirag Parmar <chiragparmar12209@gmail.com>

docs/_sidebar.md

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 - [Contributing](contributing.md)
 - **Protocol Wiki**
 - The Protocol
+  - [Prehistory](/wiki/protocol/prehistory.md) 
   - [Architecture](/wiki/protocol/architecture.md)
   - [Design rationale](/wiki/protocol/design-rationale.md)
   - [Evolution](/wiki/protocol/history.md)

docs/wiki/protocol/design-rationale.md

@@ -100,7 +100,22 @@ Latest Message Driven Greediest Heaviest Observed Sub-Tree (LMD-GHOST) is a *for
 
 ![LMD-GHOST-Algorithm](./img/lmt-ghost.png)
 
-Gasper is full Proof-of-stake protocol that serves as an idealized abstraction of the Ethereum implementation. It combines Casper FFG and LMD-GHOST to drive the consensus mechanism for the Eth2.
+Gasper is full Proof-of-stake protocol that serves as an idealized abstraction of the Ethereum implementation. It combines Casper FFG and LMD-GHOST to drive the consensus mechanism for the Eth2. 
+
+### Using a DHT
+
+![P2P Networks Comparison](./img/p2p-nets-comp.png)
+
+The main benefit of DHTs is that lookups only generate logarithmic communication overhead in the network. This makes them suitable to find (query) content in a p2p network. But an immediate question arises, why do we need to *find* content in Ethereum if most nodes are interested in the same content, the latest block? The tip of the chain is always the same based on consensus slot which has only one block to be gossiped. A DHT is used in protocols like [bittorrent](https://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0005.html) and IPFS which store a wide range of content and users try to *find* the content they are interested in. DHT is used in Ethereum networking to find to find different peers, not blocks.
+
+The discovery protocol in the networking layer of Ethereum uses, discv5, a [kademlia based DHT](https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/discv5/discv5.md) to store [ENR records](https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/enr.md). ENR records contain routing information (of the internet layer) to establish connections between peer. Peers joining the network use *bootstrap* nodes to relay lookup queries for its own `node_id` in the DHT. In the process they discover ENR records of other peers which help them populate their routing table. Routinely, peers also look up random `node_id`s to enumerate the network i.e. find all peers. 
+
+Blocks in Ethereum network are distributed using gossip protocol of the p2p stack. After discovering peers through an underlying DHT, peers use an overlay network ([gossipsub](https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/f25d0c22e5ef045c8c050bc91c297468de35f720/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.0.md)) to disseminate the block throughout the network. The overlay network creates its own routing table with routing information to establish connection AND overlay specific information(topics subscribed, fanout etc.) This overlay network is indeed an unstructured network.
+
+DHT goes the extra step to join an unstructured network over simply connecting to peers ([friends-to-friends model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend-to-friend) or PEX) and directly downloading/gossiping the required content directly. 
+Why go through an extra step of DHT to later join an unstructured network? From the perspective of bootstrapping, kademlia provides a global view whereas f2f networks, inherently, can only provide a local view of the network. Informally, a DHT provides public and non-localized (arguably, slightly more decentralized too) mechanism for nodes to join a network. This hybrid approach of using a structured network(DHT) to bootstrap into an unstructured network, is observed in bittorrent's [Peer Exchange(PEX)](https://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0011.html) protocol as well. [Unstructured networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer#Unstructured_networks) are preferred as overlays because they are robust in high-churn networks.
+
+Over everything else, the biggest benefit of structured networks like kademlia DHT is their [simplicity](https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/discv5/discv5-rationale.md#why-kademlia) in design.
 
 # References
 

wordlist.txt

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ APIs
 APS
 Arbitrum
 Aritra
+Arixon
+ARPANET
 ary
 ASE
 Ashish
@@ -197,6 +199,7 @@ disambiguated
 Discordo
 discv
 distro
+DNS
 docsify
 dogecoin
 Domothy
@@ -439,6 +442,7 @@ Mana
 Manas
 Mário
 mathbb
+Maximalism
 mdbx
 MDBX
 MDS
@@ -477,6 +481,8 @@ MVE
 mvepbs
 MVI
 Nagu
+Nakamoto
+Namecoin
 namespace
 namespaces
 Nand
@@ -624,6 +630,7 @@ RPCs
 RSA
 RSA's
 runtime
+Satoshi
 Satisfiability
 scalability
 scalable
@@ -695,6 +702,7 @@ Substate
 subtrees
 Summa
 systemd
+Szabo
 Takenobu
 Tani
 tbhl
@@ -782,10 +790,39 @@ XORed
 xy
 Yan
 Yellowpaper
+Yoni
 Yoichi
 Zaverucha
 zk
 zkEVMs
 ZKSNARK
 ZKSNARKs
 Zksync
+Postel's
+RLPx
+TCP
+Zipfian
+Adi
+Adleman
+Alisie
+Arvind
+Banksy
+Chaum
+codebreakers
+cryptology
+cryptonative
+Cypherpunk's
+cryptosystems
+Dai
+DigiCash
+GPL
+Kahn
+Merkle’s
+Mihai
+reusability
+Rivest
+Satoshi's
+Shamir
+surveilling
+Taleb
+Zimmermann