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% Pandoc User's Guide
% John MacFarlane
% August 30, 2014
Synopsis
========
pandoc [*options*] [*input-file*]...
Description
===========
Pandoc is a [Haskell] library for converting from one markup format to
another, and a command-line tool that uses this library. It can read
[markdown] and (subsets of) [Textile], [reStructuredText], [HTML],
[LaTeX], [MediaWiki markup], [TWiki markup], [Haddock markup], [OPML],
[Emacs Org-mode], [DocBook], [txt2tags], [EPUB] and [Word docx]; and
it can write plain text, [markdown], [reStructuredText], [XHTML],
[HTML 5], [LaTeX] (including [beamer] slide shows), [ConTeXt], [RTF],
[OPML], [DocBook], [OpenDocument], [ODT], [Word docx], [GNU Texinfo],
[MediaWiki markup], [DokuWiki markup], [Haddock markup], [EPUB] (v2 or v3),
[FictionBook2], [Textile], [groff man] pages, [Emacs Org-Mode], [AsciiDoc],
[InDesign ICML], and [Slidy], [Slideous], [DZSlides], [reveal.js] or
[S5] HTML slide shows. It can also produce [PDF] output on systems where
LaTeX is installed.
Pandoc's enhanced version of markdown includes syntax for footnotes,
tables, flexible ordered lists, definition lists, fenced code blocks,
superscript, subscript, strikeout, title blocks, automatic tables of
contents, embedded LaTeX math, citations, and markdown inside HTML block
elements. (These enhancements, described below under
[Pandoc's markdown](#pandocs-markdown), can be disabled using the
`markdown_strict` input or output format.)
In contrast to most existing tools for converting markdown to HTML, which
use regex substitutions, Pandoc has a modular design: it consists of a
set of readers, which parse text in a given format and produce a native
representation of the document, and a set of writers, which convert
this native representation into a target format. Thus, adding an input
or output format requires only adding a reader or writer.
Using `pandoc`
--------------
If no *input-file* is specified, input is read from *stdin*.
Otherwise, the *input-files* are concatenated (with a blank
line between each) and used as input. Output goes to *stdout* by
default (though output to *stdout* is disabled for the `odt`, `docx`,
`epub`, and `epub3` output formats). For output to a file, use the
`-o` option:
pandoc -o output.html input.txt
By default, pandoc produces a document fragment, not a standalone
document with a proper header and footer. To produce a standalone
document, use the `-s` or `--standalone` flag:
pandoc -s -o output.html input.txt
For more information on how standalone documents are produced, see
[Templates](#templates), below.
Instead of a file, an absolute URI may be given. In this case
pandoc will fetch the content using HTTP:
pandoc -f html -t markdown http://www.fsf.org
If multiple input files are given, `pandoc` will concatenate them all (with
blank lines between them) before parsing. This feature is disabled for
binary input formats such as `EPUB` and `docx`.
The format of the input and output can be specified explicitly using
command-line options. The input format can be specified using the
`-r/--read` or `-f/--from` options, the output format using the
`-w/--write` or `-t/--to` options. Thus, to convert `hello.txt` from
markdown to LaTeX, you could type:
pandoc -f markdown -t latex hello.txt
To convert `hello.html` from html to markdown:
pandoc -f html -t markdown hello.html
Supported output formats are listed below under the `-t/--to` option.
Supported input formats are listed below under the `-f/--from` option. Note
that the `rst`, `textile`, `latex`, and `html` readers are not complete;
there are some constructs that they do not parse.
If the input or output format is not specified explicitly, `pandoc`
will attempt to guess it from the extensions of
the input and output filenames. Thus, for example,
pandoc -o hello.tex hello.txt
will convert `hello.txt` from markdown to LaTeX. If no output file
is specified (so that output goes to *stdout*), or if the output file's
extension is unknown, the output format will default to HTML.
If no input file is specified (so that input comes from *stdin*), or
if the input files' extensions are unknown, the input format will
be assumed to be markdown unless explicitly specified.
Pandoc uses the UTF-8 character encoding for both input and output.
If your local character encoding is not UTF-8, you
should pipe input and output through `iconv`:
iconv -t utf-8 input.txt | pandoc | iconv -f utf-8
Note that in some output formats (such as HTML, LaTeX, ConTeXt,
RTF, OPML, DocBook, and Texinfo), information about
the character encoding is included in the document header, which
will only be included if you use the `-s/--standalone` option.
Creating a PDF
--------------
Earlier versions of pandoc came with a program, `markdown2pdf`, that
used pandoc and pdflatex to produce a PDF. This is no longer needed,
since `pandoc` can now produce `pdf` output itself. To produce a PDF, simply
specify an output file with a `.pdf` extension. Pandoc will create a latex
file and use pdflatex (or another engine, see `--latex-engine`) to convert it
to PDF:
pandoc test.txt -o test.pdf
Production of a PDF requires that a LaTeX engine be installed (see
`--latex-engine`, below), and assumes that the following LaTeX packages are
available: `amssymb`, `amsmath`, `ifxetex`, `ifluatex`, `listings` (if the
`--listings` option is used), `fancyvrb`, `longtable`, `booktabs`, `url`,
`graphicx`, `hyperref`, `ulem`, `babel` (if the `lang` variable is set),
`fontspec` (if `xelatex` or `lualatex` is used as the LaTeX engine), `xltxtra`
and `xunicode` (if `xelatex` is used).
`hsmarkdown`
------------
A user who wants a drop-in replacement for `Markdown.pl` may create
a symbolic link to the `pandoc` executable called `hsmarkdown`. When
invoked under the name `hsmarkdown`, `pandoc` will behave as if
invoked with `-f markdown_strict --email-obfuscation=references`,
and all command-line options will be treated as regular arguments.
However, this approach does not work under Cygwin, due to problems with
its simulation of symbolic links.
[Cygwin]: http://www.cygwin.com/
[`iconv`]: http://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/
[CTAN]: http://www.ctan.org "Comprehensive TeX Archive Network"
[TeX Live]: http://www.tug.org/texlive/
[MacTeX]: http://www.tug.org/mactex/
Options
=======
General options
---------------
`-f` *FORMAT*, `-r` *FORMAT*, `--from=`*FORMAT*, `--read=`*FORMAT*
: Specify input format. *FORMAT* can be `native` (native Haskell),
`json` (JSON version of native AST), `markdown` (pandoc's
extended markdown), `markdown_strict` (original unextended markdown),
`markdown_phpextra` (PHP Markdown Extra extended markdown),
`markdown_github` (github extended markdown),
`textile` (Textile), `rst` (reStructuredText), `html` (HTML),
`docbook` (DocBook), `t2t` (txt2tags), `docx` (docx), `epub` (EPUB),
`opml` (OPML), `org` (Emacs Org-mode), `mediawiki` (MediaWiki markup),
`twiki` (TWiki markup), `haddock` (Haddock markup), or `latex` (LaTeX).
If `+lhs` is appended to `markdown`, `rst`,
`latex`, or `html`, the input will be treated as literate Haskell
source: see [Literate Haskell support](#literate-haskell-support),
below. Markdown syntax extensions can be individually enabled or
disabled by appending `+EXTENSION` or `-EXTENSION` to the format
name. So, for example, `markdown_strict+footnotes+definition_lists`
is strict markdown with footnotes and definition lists enabled,
and `markdown-pipe_tables+hard_line_breaks` is pandoc's markdown
without pipe tables and with hard line breaks. See [Pandoc's
markdown](#pandocs-markdown), below, for a list of extensions and
their names.
`-t` *FORMAT*, `-w` *FORMAT*, `--to=`*FORMAT*, `--write=`*FORMAT*
: Specify output format. *FORMAT* can be `native` (native Haskell),
`json` (JSON version of native AST), `plain` (plain text),
`markdown` (pandoc's extended markdown), `markdown_strict` (original
unextended markdown), `markdown_phpextra` (PHP Markdown extra
extended markdown), `markdown_github` (github extended markdown),
`rst` (reStructuredText), `html` (XHTML 1), `html5` (HTML 5),
`latex` (LaTeX), `beamer` (LaTeX beamer slide show),
`context` (ConTeXt), `man` (groff man), `mediawiki` (MediaWiki markup),
`dokuwiki` (DokuWiki markup),
`textile` (Textile), `org` (Emacs Org-Mode), `texinfo` (GNU Texinfo),
`opml` (OPML), `docbook` (DocBook), `opendocument` (OpenDocument), `odt`
(OpenOffice text document), `docx` (Word docx), `haddock` (Haddock
markup), `rtf` (rich text format), `epub` (EPUB v2 book), `epub3`
(EPUB v3), `fb2` (FictionBook2 e-book), `asciidoc` (AsciiDoc),
`icml` (InDesign ICML), `slidy` (Slidy HTML and javascript slide show),
`slideous` (Slideous HTML and javascript slide show), `dzslides`
(DZSlides HTML5 + javascript slide show), `revealjs` (reveal.js
HTML5 + javascript slide show), `s5` (S5 HTML and javascript slide show),
or the path of a custom lua writer (see [Custom writers](#custom-writers),
below). Note that `odt`, `epub`, and `epub3` output will not be directed
to *stdout*; an output filename must be specified using the `-o/--output`
option. If `+lhs` is appended to `markdown`, `rst`, `latex`, `beamer`,
`html`, or `html5`, the output will be rendered as literate Haskell
source: see [Literate Haskell support](#literate-haskell-support), below.
Markdown syntax extensions can be individually enabled or disabled by
appending `+EXTENSION` or `-EXTENSION` to the format name, as described
above under `-f`.
`-o` *FILE*, `--output=`*FILE*
: Write output to *FILE* instead of *stdout*. If *FILE* is
`-`, output will go to *stdout*. (Exception: if the output
format is `odt`, `docx`, `epub`, or `epub3`, output to stdout is disabled.)
`--data-dir=`*DIRECTORY*
: Specify the user data directory to search for pandoc data files.
If this option is not specified, the default user data directory
will be used. This is
$HOME/.pandoc
in unix,
C:\Documents And Settings\USERNAME\Application Data\pandoc
in Windows XP, and
C:\Users\USERNAME\AppData\Roaming\pandoc
in Windows 7. (You can find the default user data directory
on your system by looking at the output of `pandoc --version`.)
A `reference.odt`, `reference.docx`, `default.csl`,
`epub.css`, `templates`, `slidy`, `slideous`, or `s5` directory
placed in this directory will override pandoc's normal defaults.
`--verbose`
: Give verbose debugging output. Currently this only has an effect
with PDF output.
`-v`, `--version`
: Print version.
`-h`, `--help`
: Show usage message.
Reader options
--------------
`-R`, `--parse-raw`
: Parse untranslatable HTML codes and LaTeX environments as raw HTML
or LaTeX, instead of ignoring them. Affects only HTML and LaTeX
input. Raw HTML can be printed in markdown, reStructuredText, HTML,
Slidy, Slideous, DZSlides, reveal.js, and S5 output; raw LaTeX
can be printed in markdown, reStructuredText, LaTeX, and ConTeXt output.
The default is for the readers to omit untranslatable HTML codes and
LaTeX environments. (The LaTeX reader does pass through untranslatable
LaTeX *commands*, even if `-R` is not specified.)
`-S`, `--smart`
: Produce typographically correct output, converting straight quotes
to curly quotes, `---` to em-dashes, `--` to en-dashes, and
`...` to ellipses. Nonbreaking spaces are inserted after certain
abbreviations, such as "Mr." (Note: This option is significant only when
the input format is `markdown`, `markdown_strict`, `textile` or `twiki`.
It is selected automatically when the input format is `textile` or the
output format is `latex` or `context`, unless `--no-tex-ligatures`
is used.)
`--old-dashes`
: Selects the pandoc <= 1.8.2.1 behavior for parsing smart dashes: `-` before
a numeral is an en-dash, and `--` is an em-dash. This option is selected
automatically for `textile` input.
`--base-header-level=`*NUMBER*
: Specify the base level for headers (defaults to 1).
`--indented-code-classes=`*CLASSES*
: Specify classes to use for indented code blocks--for example,
`perl,numberLines` or `haskell`. Multiple classes may be separated
by spaces or commas.
`--default-image-extension=`*EXTENSION*
: Specify a default extension to use when image paths/URLs have no
extension. This allows you to use the same source for formats that
require different kinds of images. Currently this option only affects
the markdown and LaTeX readers.
`--filter=`*EXECUTABLE*
: Specify an executable to be used as a filter transforming the
Pandoc AST after the input is parsed and before the output is
written. The executable should read JSON from stdin and write
JSON to stdout. The JSON must be formatted like pandoc's own
JSON input and output. The name of the output format will be
passed to the filter as the first argument. Hence,
pandoc --filter ./caps.py -t latex
is equivalent to
pandoc -t json | ./caps.py latex | pandoc -f json -t latex
The latter form may be useful for debugging filters.
Filters may be written in any language. `Text.Pandoc.JSON`
exports `toJSONFilter` to facilitate writing filters in Haskell.
Those who would prefer to write filters in python can use the
module `pandocfilters`, installable from PyPI. See
<http://github.com/jgm/pandocfilters> for the module and several
examples. Note that the *EXECUTABLE* will be sought in the user's
`PATH`, and not in the working directory, if no directory is
provided. If you want to run a script in the working directory,
preface the filename with `./`.
`-M` *KEY[=VAL]*, `--metadata=`*KEY[:VAL]*
: Set the metadata field *KEY* to the value *VAL*. A value specified
on the command line overrides a value specified in the document.
Values will be parsed as YAML boolean or string values. If no value is
specified, the value will be treated as Boolean true. Like
`--variable`, `--metadata` causes template variables to be set.
But unlike `--variable`, `--metadata` affects the metadata of the
underlying document (which is accessible from filters and may be
printed in some output formats).
`--normalize`
: Normalize the document after reading: merge adjacent
`Str` or `Emph` elements, for example, and remove repeated `Space`s.
`-p`, `--preserve-tabs`
: Preserve tabs instead of converting them to spaces (the default).
Note that this will only affect tabs in literal code spans and code
blocks; tabs in regular text will be treated as spaces.
`--tab-stop=`*NUMBER*
: Specify the number of spaces per tab (default is 4).
`--track-changes=`*accept|reject|all*
: Specifies what to do with insertions and deletions produced by the MS
Word "track-changes" feature. *accept* (the default), inserts all
insertions, and ignores all deletions. *reject* inserts all
deletions and ignores insertions. *all* puts in both insertions
and deletions, wrapped in spans with `insertion` and `deletion`
classes, respectively. The author and time of change is
included. *all* is useful for scripting: only accepting changes
from a certain reviewer, say, or before a certain date. This
option only affects the docx reader.
`--extract-media=`*DIR*
: Extract images and other media contained in a docx or epub container
to the path *DIR*, creating it if necessary, and adjust the images
references in the document so they point to the extracted files.
This option only affects the docx and epub readers.
General writer options
----------------------
`-s`, `--standalone`
: Produce output with an appropriate header and footer (e.g. a
standalone HTML, LaTeX, or RTF file, not a fragment). This option
is set automatically for `pdf`, `epub`, `epub3`, `fb2`, `docx`, and `odt`
output.
`--template=`*FILE*
: Use *FILE* as a custom template for the generated document. Implies
`--standalone`. See [Templates](#templates) below for a description
of template syntax. If no extension is specified, an extension
corresponding to the writer will be added, so that `--template=special`
looks for `special.html` for HTML output. If the template is not
found, pandoc will search for it in the user data directory
(see `--data-dir`). If this option is not used, a default
template appropriate for the output format will be used (see
`-D/--print-default-template`).
`-V` *KEY[=VAL]*, `--variable=`*KEY[:VAL]*
: Set the template variable *KEY* to the value *VAL* when rendering the
document in standalone mode. This is generally only useful when the
`--template` option is used to specify a custom template, since
pandoc automatically sets the variables used in the default
templates. If no *VAL* is specified, the key will be given the
value `true`.
`-D` *FORMAT*, `--print-default-template=`*FORMAT*
: Print the default template for an output *FORMAT*. (See `-t`
for a list of possible *FORMAT*s.)
`--print-default-data-file=`*FILE*
: Print a default data file.
`--no-wrap`
: Disable text wrapping in output. By default, text is wrapped
appropriately for the output format.
`--columns`=*NUMBER*
: Specify length of lines in characters (for text wrapping).
`--toc`, `--table-of-contents`
: Include an automatically generated table of contents (or, in
the case of `latex`, `context`, and `rst`, an instruction to create
one) in the output document. This option has no effect on `man`,
`docbook`, `slidy`, `slideous`, `s5`, `docx`, or `odt` output.
`--toc-depth=`*NUMBER*
: Specify the number of section levels to include in the table
of contents. The default is 3 (which means that level 1, 2, and 3
headers will be listed in the contents).
`--no-highlight`
: Disables syntax highlighting for code blocks and inlines, even when
a language attribute is given.
`--highlight-style`=*STYLE*
: Specifies the coloring style to be used in highlighted source code.
Options are `pygments` (the default), `kate`, `monochrome`,
`espresso`, `zenburn`, `haddock`, and `tango`.
`-H` *FILE*, `--include-in-header=`*FILE*
: Include contents of *FILE*, verbatim, at the end of the header.
This can be used, for example, to include special
CSS or javascript in HTML documents. This option can be used
repeatedly to include multiple files in the header. They will be
included in the order specified. Implies `--standalone`.
`-B` *FILE*, `--include-before-body=`*FILE*
: Include contents of *FILE*, verbatim, at the beginning of the
document body (e.g. after the `<body>` tag in HTML, or the
`\begin{document}` command in LaTeX). This can be used to include
navigation bars or banners in HTML documents. This option can be
used repeatedly to include multiple files. They will be included in
the order specified. Implies `--standalone`.
`-A` *FILE*, `--include-after-body=`*FILE*
: Include contents of *FILE*, verbatim, at the end of the document
body (before the `</body>` tag in HTML, or the
`\end{document}` command in LaTeX). This option can be be used
repeatedly to include multiple files. They will be included in the
order specified. Implies `--standalone`.
Options affecting specific writers
----------------------------------
`--self-contained`
: Produce a standalone HTML file with no external dependencies, using
`data:` URIs to incorporate the contents of linked scripts, stylesheets,
images, and videos. The resulting file should be "self-contained,"
in the sense that it needs no external files and no net access to be
displayed properly by a browser. This option works only with HTML output
formats, including `html`, `html5`, `html+lhs`, `html5+lhs`, `s5`,
`slidy`, `slideous`, `dzslides`, and `revealjs`. Scripts, images, and
stylesheets at absolute URLs will be downloaded; those at relative URLs
will be sought relative to the working directory (if the first source
file is local) or relative to the base URL (if the first source
file is remote). `--self-contained` does not work with `--mathjax`.
`--offline`
: Deprecated synonym for `--self-contained`.
`-5`, `--html5`
: Produce HTML5 instead of HTML4. This option has no effect for writers
other than `html`. (*Deprecated:* Use the `html5` output format instead.)
`--html-q-tags`
: Use `<q>` tags for quotes in HTML.
`--ascii`
: Use only ascii characters in output. Currently supported only
for HTML output (which uses numerical entities instead of
UTF-8 when this option is selected).
`--reference-links`
: Use reference-style links, rather than inline links, in writing markdown
or reStructuredText. By default inline links are used.
`--atx-headers`
: Use ATX style headers in markdown and asciidoc output. The default is
to use setext-style headers for levels 1-2, and then ATX headers.
`--chapters`
: Treat top-level headers as chapters in LaTeX, ConTeXt, and DocBook
output. When the LaTeX template uses the report, book, or
memoir class, this option is implied. If `beamer` is the output
format, top-level headers will become `\part{..}`.
`-N`, `--number-sections`
: Number section headings in LaTeX, ConTeXt, HTML, or EPUB output.
By default, sections are not numbered. Sections with class
`unnumbered` will never be numbered, even if `--number-sections`
is specified.
`--number-offset`=*NUMBER[,NUMBER,...]*,
: Offset for section headings in HTML output (ignored in other
output formats). The first number is added to the section number for
top-level headers, the second for second-level headers, and so on.
So, for example, if you want the first top-level header in your
document to be numbered "6", specify `--number-offset=5`.
If your document starts with a level-2 header which you want to
be numbered "1.5", specify `--number-offset=1,4`.
Offsets are 0 by default. Implies `--number-sections`.
`--no-tex-ligatures`
: Do not convert quotation marks, apostrophes, and dashes to
the TeX ligatures when writing LaTeX or ConTeXt. Instead, just
use literal unicode characters. This is needed for using advanced
OpenType features with XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. Note: normally
`--smart` is selected automatically for LaTeX and ConTeXt
output, but it must be specified explicitly if `--no-tex-ligatures`
is selected. If you use literal curly quotes, dashes, and ellipses
in your source, then you may want to use `--no-tex-ligatures`
without `--smart`.
`--listings`
: Use listings package for LaTeX code blocks
`-i`, `--incremental`
: Make list items in slide shows display incrementally (one by one).
The default is for lists to be displayed all at once.
`--slide-level`=*NUMBER*
: Specifies that headers with the specified level create
slides (for `beamer`, `s5`, `slidy`, `slideous`, `dzslides`). Headers
above this level in the hierarchy are used to divide the
slide show into sections; headers below this level create
subheads within a slide. The default is to set the slide level
based on the contents of the document; see
[Structuring the slide show](#structuring-the-slide-show), below.
`--section-divs`
: Wrap sections in `<div>` tags (or `<section>` tags in HTML5),
and attach identifiers to the enclosing `<div>` (or `<section>`)
rather than the header itself.
See [Section identifiers](#header-identifiers-in-html-latex-and-context), below.
`--email-obfuscation=`*none|javascript|references*
: Specify a method for obfuscating `mailto:` links in HTML documents.
*none* leaves `mailto:` links as they are. *javascript* obfuscates
them using javascript. *references* obfuscates them by printing their
letters as decimal or hexadecimal character references.
`--id-prefix`=*STRING*
: Specify a prefix to be added to all automatically generated identifiers
in HTML and DocBook output, and to footnote numbers in markdown output.
This is useful for preventing duplicate identifiers when generating
fragments to be included in other pages.
`-T` *STRING*, `--title-prefix=`*STRING*
: Specify *STRING* as a prefix at the beginning of the title
that appears in the HTML header (but not in the title as it
appears at the beginning of the HTML body). Implies
`--standalone`.
`-c` *URL*, `--css=`*URL*
: Link to a CSS style sheet. This option can be be used repeatedly to
include multiple files. They will be included in the order specified.
`--reference-odt=`*FILE*
: Use the specified file as a style reference in producing an ODT.
For best results, the reference ODT should be a modified version
of an ODT produced using pandoc. The contents of the reference ODT
are ignored, but its stylesheets are used in the new ODT. If no
reference ODT is specified on the command line, pandoc will look
for a file `reference.odt` in the user data directory (see
`--data-dir`). If this is not found either, sensible defaults will be
used.
`--reference-docx=`*FILE*
: Use the specified file as a style reference in producing a docx file.
For best results, the reference docx should be a modified version
of a docx file produced using pandoc. The contents of the reference docx
are ignored, but its stylesheets and document properties (including
margins, page size, header, and footer) are used in the new docx. If no
reference docx is specified on the command line, pandoc will look
for a file `reference.docx` in the user data directory (see
`--data-dir`). If this is not found either, sensible defaults will be
used. The following styles are used by pandoc: [paragraph]
Normal, Compact, Title, Subtitle, Authors, Date, Abstract, Heading 1,
Heading 2, Heading 3, Heading 4, Heading 5, Block Quote, Definition Term,
Definition, Bibliography, Body Text, Table Caption, Image Caption;
[character] Default Paragraph Font, Body Text Char, Verbatim Char,
Footnote Ref, Link.
`--epub-stylesheet=`*FILE*
: Use the specified CSS file to style the EPUB. If no stylesheet
is specified, pandoc will look for a file `epub.css` in the
user data directory (see `--data-dir`). If it is not
found there, sensible defaults will be used.
`--epub-cover-image=`*FILE*
: Use the specified image as the EPUB cover. It is recommended
that the image be less than 1000px in width and height. Note that
in a markdown source document you can also specify `cover-image`
in a YAML metadata block (see [EPUB Metadata], below).
`--epub-metadata=`*FILE*
: Look in the specified XML file for metadata for the EPUB.
The file should contain a series of Dublin Core elements,
as documented at <http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/>.
For example:
<dc:rights>Creative Commons</dc:rights>
<dc:language>es-AR</dc:language>
By default, pandoc will include the following metadata elements:
`<dc:title>` (from the document title), `<dc:creator>` (from the
document authors), `<dc:date>` (from the document date, which should
be in [ISO 8601 format]), `<dc:language>` (from the `lang`
variable, or, if is not set, the locale), and `<dc:identifier
id="BookId">` (a randomly generated UUID). Any of these may be
overridden by elements in the metadata file.
Note: if the source document is markdown, a YAML metadata block
in the document can be used instead. See below under
[EPUB Metadata].
`--epub-embed-font=`*FILE*
: Embed the specified font in the EPUB. This option can be repeated
to embed multiple fonts. To use embedded fonts, you
will need to add declarations like the following to your CSS (see
`--epub-stylesheet`):
@font-face {
font-family: DejaVuSans;
font-style: normal;
font-weight: normal;
src:url("DejaVuSans-Regular.ttf");
}
@font-face {
font-family: DejaVuSans;
font-style: normal;
font-weight: bold;
src:url("DejaVuSans-Bold.ttf");
}
@font-face {
font-family: DejaVuSans;
font-style: italic;
font-weight: normal;
src:url("DejaVuSans-Oblique.ttf");
}
@font-face {
font-family: DejaVuSans;
font-style: italic;
font-weight: bold;
src:url("DejaVuSans-BoldOblique.ttf");
}
body { font-family: "DejaVuSans"; }
`--epub-chapter-level=`*NUMBER*
: Specify the header level at which to split the EPUB into separate
"chapter" files. The default is to split into chapters at level 1
headers. This option only affects the internal composition of the
EPUB, not the way chapters and sections are displayed to users. Some
readers may be slow if the chapter files are too large, so for large
documents with few level 1 headers, one might want to use a chapter
level of 2 or 3.
`--latex-engine=`*pdflatex|lualatex|xelatex*
: Use the specified LaTeX engine when producing PDF output.
The default is `pdflatex`. If the engine is not in your PATH,
the full path of the engine may be specified here.
Citation rendering
------------------
`--bibliography=`*FILE*
: Set the `bibliography` field in the document's metadata to *FILE*,
overriding any value set in the metadata, and process citations
using `pandoc-citeproc`. (This is equivalent to
`--metadata bibliography=FILE --filter pandoc-citeproc`.)
`--csl=`*FILE*
: Set the `csl` field in the document's metadata to *FILE*,
overriding any value set in the metadata. (This is equivalent to
`--metadata csl=FILE`.)
`--citation-abbreviations=`*FILE*
: Set the `citation-abbreviations` field in the document's metadata to
*FILE*, overriding any value set in the metadata. (This is equivalent to
`--metadata citation-abbreviations=FILE`.)
`--natbib`
: Use natbib for citations in LaTeX output. This option is not for use
with the `pandoc-citeproc` filter or with PDF output. It is intended for
use in producing a LaTeX file that can be processed with pdflatex and
bibtex.
`--biblatex`
: Use biblatex for citations in LaTeX output. This option is not for use
with the `pandoc-citeproc` filter or with PDF output. It is intended for
use in producing a LaTeX file that can be processed with pdflatex and
bibtex or biber.
Math rendering in HTML
----------------------
`-m` [*URL*], `--latexmathml`[=*URL*]
: Use the [LaTeXMathML] script to display embedded TeX math in HTML output.
To insert a link to a local copy of the `LaTeXMathML.js` script,
provide a *URL*. If no *URL* is provided, the contents of the
script will be inserted directly into the HTML header, preserving
portability at the price of efficiency. If you plan to use math on
several pages, it is much better to link to a copy of the script,
so it can be cached.
`--mathml`[=*URL*]
: Convert TeX math to MathML (in `docbook` as well as `html` and `html5`).
In standalone `html` output, a small javascript (or a link to such a
script if a *URL* is supplied) will be inserted that allows the MathML to
be viewed on some browsers.
`--jsmath`[=*URL*]
: Use [jsMath] to display embedded TeX math in HTML output.
The *URL* should point to the jsMath load script (e.g.
`jsMath/easy/load.js`); if provided, it will be linked to in
the header of standalone HTML documents. If a *URL* is not provided,
no link to the jsMath load script will be inserted; it is then
up to the author to provide such a link in the HTML template.
`--mathjax`[=*URL*]
: Use [MathJax] to display embedded TeX math in HTML output.
The *URL* should point to the `MathJax.js` load script.
If a *URL* is not provided, a link to the MathJax CDN will
be inserted.
`--gladtex`
: Enclose TeX math in `<eq>` tags in HTML output. These can then
be processed by [gladTeX] to produce links to images of the typeset
formulas.
`--mimetex`[=*URL*]
: Render TeX math using the [mimeTeX] CGI script. If *URL* is not
specified, it is assumed that the script is at `/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi`.
`--webtex`[=*URL*]
: Render TeX formulas using an external script that converts TeX
formulas to images. The formula will be concatenated with the URL
provided. If *URL* is not specified, the Google Chart API will be used.
`--katex`[=*URL*]
: Use [KaTeX] to display embedded TeX math in HTML output.
The *URL* should point to the `katex.js` load script. If a *URL* is
not provided, a link to the KaTeX CDN will be inserted.
`--katex-stylesheet=*URL*`
: The *URL* should point to the `katex.css` stylesheet. If this option is
not specified, a link to the KaTeX CDN will be inserted. Note that this
option does not imply `--katex`.
Options for wrapper scripts
---------------------------
`--dump-args`
: Print information about command-line arguments to *stdout*, then exit.
This option is intended primarily for use in wrapper scripts.
The first line of output contains the name of the output file specified
with the `-o` option, or `-` (for *stdout*) if no output file was
specified. The remaining lines contain the command-line arguments,
one per line, in the order they appear. These do not include regular
Pandoc options and their arguments, but do include any options appearing
after a `--` separator at the end of the line.
`--ignore-args`
: Ignore command-line arguments (for use in wrapper scripts).
Regular Pandoc options are not ignored. Thus, for example,
pandoc --ignore-args -o foo.html -s foo.txt -- -e latin1
is equivalent to
pandoc -o foo.html -s
[LaTeXMathML]: http://math.etsu.edu/LaTeXMathML/
[jsMath]: http://www.math.union.edu/~dpvc/jsmath/
[MathJax]: http://www.mathjax.org/
[gladTeX]: http://ans.hsh.no/home/mgg/gladtex/
[mimeTeX]: http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.html
[CSL]: http://CitationStyles.org
Templates
=========
When the `-s/--standalone` option is used, pandoc uses a template to
add header and footer material that is needed for a self-standing
document. To see the default template that is used, just type
pandoc -D FORMAT
where `FORMAT` is the name of the output format. A custom template
can be specified using the `--template` option. You can also override
the system default templates for a given output format `FORMAT`
by putting a file `templates/default.FORMAT` in the user data
directory (see `--data-dir`, above). *Exceptions:* For `odt` output,
customize the `default.opendocument` template. For `pdf` output,
customize the `default.latex` template.
Templates may contain *variables*. Variable names are sequences of
alphanumerics, `-`, and `_`, starting with a letter. A variable name
surrounded by `$` signs will be replaced by its value. For example,
the string `$title$` in
<title>$title$</title>
will be replaced by the document title.
To write a literal `$` in a template, use `$$`.
Some variables are set automatically by pandoc. These vary somewhat
depending on the output format, but include metadata fields (such
as `title`, `author`, and `date`) as well as the following:
`header-includes`
: contents specified by `-H/--include-in-header` (may have multiple
values)
`toc`
: non-null value if `--toc/--table-of-contents` was specified
`include-before`
: contents specified by `-B/--include-before-body` (may have
multiple values)
`include-after`
: contents specified by `-A/--include-after-body` (may have
multiple values)
`body`
: body of document
`lang`
: language code for HTML or LaTeX documents
`slidy-url`
: base URL for Slidy documents (defaults to
`http://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy2`)
`slideous-url`
: base URL for Slideous documents (defaults to `slideous`)
`s5-url`
: base URL for S5 documents (defaults to `s5/default`)
`revealjs-url`
: base URL for reveal.js documents (defaults to `reveal.js`)
`theme`
: reveal.js or LaTeX beamer theme
`transition`
: reveal.js transition
`fontsize`
: font size (10pt, 11pt, 12pt) for LaTeX documents
`documentclass`
: document class for LaTeX documents
`classoption`
: option for LaTeX documentclass, e.g. `oneside`; may be repeated
for multiple options
`geometry`
: options for LaTeX `geometry` class, e.g. `margin=1in`;
may be repeated for multiple options
`linestretch`
: adjusts line spacing (requires the `setspace` package)
`fontfamily`
: font package to use for LaTeX documents (with pdflatex):
TeXLive has `bookman` (Bookman), `utopia` or `fourier` (Utopia),
`fouriernc` (New Century Schoolbook), `times` or `txfonts` (Times),
`mathpazo` or `pxfonts` or `mathpple` (Palatino),
`libertine` (Linux Libertine), `arev` (Arev Sans),
and the default `lmodern`, among others.
`mainfont`, `sansfont`, `monofont`, `mathfont`
: fonts for LaTeX documents (works only with xelatex
and lualatex)
`colortheme`
: colortheme for LaTeX beamer documents
`fonttheme`
: fonttheme for LaTeX beamer documents
`linkcolor`
: color for internal links in LaTeX documents (`red`, `green`,
`magenta`, `cyan`, `blue`, `black`)
`urlcolor`
: color for external links in LaTeX documents
`citecolor`
: color for citation links in LaTeX documents
`links-as-notes`
: causes links to be printed as footnotes in LaTeX documents
`toc`
: include table of contents in LaTeX documents
`toc-depth`
: level of section to include in table of contents in LaTeX documents
`lof`
: include list of figures in LaTeX documents
`lot`
: include list of tables in LaTeX documents
`biblio-style`
: bibliography style in LaTeX, when used with `--natbib`
`biblio-files`
: bibliography files to use in LaTeX, with `--natbib` or `--biblatex`
`section`
: section number in man pages
`header`
: header in man pages
`footer`
: footer in man pages
Variables may be set at the command line using the `-V/--variable`
option. Variables set in this way override metadata fields with
the same name.
Templates may contain conditionals. The syntax is as follows:
$if(variable)$
X
$else$
Y
$endif$
This will include `X` in the template if `variable` has a non-null
value; otherwise it will include `Y`. `X` and `Y` are placeholders for
any valid template text, and may include interpolated variables or other
conditionals. The `$else$` section may be omitted.
When variables can have multiple values (for example, `author` in
a multi-author document), you can use the `$for$` keyword:
$for(author)$
<meta name="author" content="$author$" />
$endfor$
You can optionally specify a separator to be used between
consecutive items:
$for(author)$$author$$sep$, $endfor$
A dot can be used to select a field of a variable that takes
an object as its value. So, for example:
$author.name$ ($author.affiliation$)
If you use custom templates, you may need to revise them as pandoc
changes. We recommend tracking the changes in the default templates,
and modifying your custom templates accordingly. An easy way to do this
is to fork the pandoc-templates repository
(<http://github.com/jgm/pandoc-templates>) and merge in changes after each
pandoc release.
Pandoc's markdown
=================
Pandoc understands an extended and slightly revised version of
John Gruber's [markdown] syntax. This document explains the syntax,
noting differences from standard markdown. Except where noted, these
differences can be suppressed by using the `markdown_strict` format instead
of `markdown`. An extensions can be enabled by adding `+EXTENSION`
to the format name and disabled by adding `-EXTENSION`. For example,
`markdown_strict+footnotes` is strict markdown with footnotes
enabled, while `markdown-footnotes-pipe_tables` is pandoc's
markdown without footnotes or pipe tables.
Philosophy
----------
Markdown is designed to be easy to write, and, even more importantly,
easy to read:
> A Markdown-formatted document should be publishable as-is, as plain
> text, without looking like it's been marked up with tags or formatting
> instructions.
> -- [John Gruber](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax#philosophy)
This principle has guided pandoc's decisions in finding syntax for
tables, footnotes, and other extensions.
There is, however, one respect in which pandoc's aims are different
from the original aims of markdown. Whereas markdown was originally
designed with HTML generation in mind, pandoc is designed for multiple
output formats. Thus, while pandoc allows the embedding of raw HTML,
it discourages it, and provides other, non-HTMLish ways of representing
important document elements like definition lists, tables, mathematics, and
footnotes.
Paragraphs
----------
A paragraph is one or more lines of text followed by one or more blank line.
Newlines are treated as spaces, so you can reflow your paragraphs as you like.
If you need a hard line break, put two or more spaces at the end of a line.
#### Extension: `escaped_line_breaks` ####
A backslash followed by a newline is also a hard line break.
Note: in multiline and grid table cells, this is the only way
to create a hard line break, since trailing spaces in the cells
are ignored.
Headers
-------
There are two kinds of headers, Setext and atx.
### Setext-style headers ###
A setext-style header is a line of text "underlined" with a row of `=` signs
(for a level one header) or `-` signs (for a level two header):
A level-one header
==================
A level-two header
------------------
The header text can contain inline formatting, such as emphasis (see
[Inline formatting](#inline-formatting), below).
### Atx-style headers ###
An Atx-style header consists of one to six `#` signs and a line of
text, optionally followed by any number of `#` signs. The number of
`#` signs at the beginning of the line is the header level:
## A level-two header
### A level-three header ###
As with setext-style headers, the header text can contain formatting:
# A level-one header with a [link](/url) and *emphasis*
#### Extension: `blank_before_header` ####
Standard markdown syntax does not require a blank line before a header.
Pandoc does require this (except, of course, at the beginning of the
document). The reason for the requirement is that it is all too easy for a
`#` to end up at the beginning of a line by accident (perhaps through line
wrapping). Consider, for example:
I like several of their flavors of ice cream:
#22, for example, and #5.
### Header identifiers in HTML, LaTeX, and ConTeXt ###
#### Extension: `header_attributes` ####
Headers can be assigned attributes using this syntax at the end
of the line containing the header text:
{#identifier .class .class key=value key=value}
Thus, for example, the following headers will all be assigned the identifier
`foo`:
# My header {#foo}
## My header ## {#foo}
My other header {#foo}
---------------
(This syntax is compatible with [PHP Markdown Extra].)
Note that although this syntax allows assignment of classes and key/value
attributes, writers generally don't use all of this information. Identifiers,
classes, and key/value attributes are used in HTML and HTML-based formats such
as EPUB and slidy. Identifiers are used for labels and link anchors in the
LaTeX, ConTeXt, Textile, and AsciiDoc writers.
Headers with the class `unnumbered` will not be numbered, even if
`--number-sections` is specified. A single hyphen (`-`) in an attribute
context is equivalent to `.unnumbered`, and preferable in non-English
documents. So,
# My header {-}
is just the same as
# My header {.unnumbered}
#### Extension: `auto_identifiers` ####
A header without an explicitly specified identifier will be
automatically assigned a unique identifier based on the header text.
To derive the identifier from the header text,
- Remove all formatting, links, etc.
- Remove all footnotes.
- Remove all punctuation, except underscores, hyphens, and periods.
- Replace all spaces and newlines with hyphens.
- Convert all alphabetic characters to lowercase.
- Remove everything up to the first letter (identifiers may
not begin with a number or punctuation mark).
- If nothing is left after this, use the identifier `section`.
Thus, for example,
Header Identifier
------------------------------- ----------------------------
Header identifiers in HTML `header-identifiers-in-html`
*Dogs*?--in *my* house? `dogs--in-my-house`
[HTML], [S5], or [RTF]? `html-s5-or-rtf`
3. Applications `applications`
33 `section`
These rules should, in most cases, allow one to determine the identifier
from the header text. The exception is when several headers have the
same text; in this case, the first will get an identifier as described
above; the second will get the same identifier with `-1` appended; the
third with `-2`; and so on.
These identifiers are used to provide link targets in the table of
contents generated by the `--toc|--table-of-contents` option. They
also make it easy to provide links from one section of a document to
another. A link to this section, for example, might look like this:
See the section on
[header identifiers](#header-identifiers-in-html-latex-and-context).
Note, however, that this method of providing links to sections works
only in HTML, LaTeX, and ConTeXt formats.
If the `--section-divs` option is specified, then each section will
be wrapped in a `div` (or a `section`, if `--html5` was specified),
and the identifier will be attached to the enclosing `<div>`
(or `<section>`) tag rather than the header itself. This allows entire
sections to be manipulated using javascript or treated differently in
CSS.
#### Extension: `implicit_header_references` ####
Pandoc behaves as if reference links have been defined for each header.
So, instead of
[header identifiers](#header-identifiers-in-html)
you can simply write
[header identifiers]
or
[header identifiers][]
or
[the section on header identifiers][header identifiers]
If there are multiple headers with identical text, the corresponding
reference will link to the first one only, and you will need to use explicit
links to link to the others, as described above.
Unlike regular reference links, these references are case-sensitive.
Note: if you have defined an explicit identifier for a header,
then implicit references to it will not work.
Block quotations
----------------
Markdown uses email conventions for quoting blocks of text.
A block quotation is one or more paragraphs or other block elements
(such as lists or headers), with each line preceded by a `>` character
and a space. (The `>` need not start at the left margin, but it should
not be indented more than three spaces.)
> This is a block quote. This
> paragraph has two lines.
>
> 1. This is a list inside a block quote.
> 2. Second item.
A "lazy" form, which requires the `>` character only on the first
line of each block, is also allowed:
> This is a block quote. This
paragraph has two lines.
> 1. This is a list inside a block quote.
2. Second item.
Among the block elements that can be contained in a block quote are
other block quotes. That is, block quotes can be nested:
> This is a block quote.
>
> > A block quote within a block quote.
#### Extension: `blank_before_blockquote` ####
Standard markdown syntax does not require a blank line before a block
quote. Pandoc does require this (except, of course, at the beginning of the
document). The reason for the requirement is that it is all too easy for a
`>` to end up at the beginning of a line by accident (perhaps through line
wrapping). So, unless the `markdown_strict` format is used, the following does
not produce a nested block quote in pandoc:
> This is a block quote.
>> Nested.
Verbatim (code) blocks
----------------------
### Indented code blocks ###
A block of text indented four spaces (or one tab) is treated as verbatim
text: that is, special characters do not trigger special formatting,
and all spaces and line breaks are preserved. For example,
if (a > 3) {
moveShip(5 * gravity, DOWN);
}
The initial (four space or one tab) indentation is not considered part
of the verbatim text, and is removed in the output.
Note: blank lines in the verbatim text need not begin with four spaces.
### Fenced code blocks ###
#### Extension: `fenced_code_blocks` ####
In addition to standard indented code blocks, Pandoc supports
*fenced* code blocks. These begin with a row of three or more
tildes (`~`) or backticks (`` ` ``) and end with a row of tildes or
backticks that must be at least as long as the starting row. Everything
between these lines is treated as code. No indentation is necessary:
~~~~~~~
if (a > 3) {
moveShip(5 * gravity, DOWN);
}
~~~~~~~
Like regular code blocks, fenced code blocks must be separated
from surrounding text by blank lines.
If the code itself contains a row of tildes or backticks, just use a longer
row of tildes or backticks at the start and end:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~
code including tildes
~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#### Extension: `fenced_code_attributes` ####
Optionally, you may attach attributes to the code block using
this syntax:
~~~~ {#mycode .haskell .numberLines startFrom="100"}
qsort [] = []
qsort (x:xs) = qsort (filter (< x) xs) ++ [x] ++
qsort (filter (>= x) xs)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Here `mycode` is an identifier, `haskell` and `numberLines` are classes, and
`startFrom` is an attribute with value `100`. Some output formats can use this
information to do syntax highlighting. Currently, the only output formats
that uses this information are HTML and LaTeX. If highlighting is supported
for your output format and language, then the code block above will appear
highlighted, with numbered lines. (To see which languages are supported, do
`pandoc --version`.) Otherwise, the code block above will appear as follows:
<pre id="mycode" class="haskell numberLines" startFrom="100">
<code>
...
</code>
</pre>
A shortcut form can also be used for specifying the language of
the code block:
```haskell
qsort [] = []
```
This is equivalent to:
``` {.haskell}
qsort [] = []
```
If the `fenced_code_attributes` extension is disabled, but
input contains class attribute(s) for the codeblock, the first
class attribute will be printed after the opening fence as a bare
word.
To prevent all highlighting, use the `--no-highlight` flag.
To set the highlighting style, use `--highlight-style`.
Line blocks
-----------
#### Extension: `line_blocks` ####
A line block is a sequence of lines beginning with a vertical bar (`|`)
followed by a space. The division into lines will be preserved in
the output, as will any leading spaces; otherwise, the lines will
be formatted as markdown. This is useful for verse and addresses:
| The limerick packs laughs anatomical
| In space that is quite economical.
| But the good ones I've seen
| So seldom are clean
| And the clean ones so seldom are comical
| 200 Main St.
| Berkeley, CA 94718
The lines can be hard-wrapped if needed, but the continuation
line must begin with a space.
| The Right Honorable Most Venerable and Righteous Samuel L.
Constable, Jr.
| 200 Main St.
| Berkeley, CA 94718
This syntax is borrowed from [reStructuredText].
Lists
-----
### Bullet lists ###
A bullet list is a list of bulleted list items. A bulleted list
item begins with a bullet (`*`, `+`, or `-`). Here is a simple
example:
* one
* two
* three
This will produce a "compact" list. If you want a "loose" list, in which
each item is formatted as a paragraph, put spaces between the items:
* one
* two
* three
The bullets need not be flush with the left margin; they may be
indented one, two, or three spaces. The bullet must be followed
by whitespace.
List items look best if subsequent lines are flush with the first
line (after the bullet):
* here is my first
list item.
* and my second.
But markdown also allows a "lazy" format:
* here is my first
list item.
* and my second.
### The four-space rule ###
A list item may contain multiple paragraphs and other block-level
content. However, subsequent paragraphs must be preceded by a blank line
and indented four spaces or a tab. The list will look better if the first
paragraph is aligned with the rest:
* First paragraph.
Continued.
* Second paragraph. With a code block, which must be indented
eight spaces:
{ code }
List items may include other lists. In this case the preceding blank
line is optional. The nested list must be indented four spaces or
one tab:
* fruits
+ apples
- macintosh
- red delicious
+ pears
+ peaches
* vegetables
+ broccoli
+ chard
As noted above, markdown allows you to write list items "lazily," instead of
indenting continuation lines. However, if there are multiple paragraphs or
other blocks in a list item, the first line of each must be indented.
+ A lazy, lazy, list
item.
+ Another one; this looks
bad but is legal.
Second paragraph of second
list item.
**Note:** Although the four-space rule for continuation paragraphs
comes from the official [markdown syntax guide], the reference implementation,
`Markdown.pl`, does not follow it. So pandoc will give different results than
`Markdown.pl` when authors have indented continuation paragraphs fewer than
four spaces.
The [markdown syntax guide] is not explicit whether the four-space
rule applies to *all* block-level content in a list item; it only
mentions paragraphs and code blocks. But it implies that the rule
applies to all block-level content (including nested lists), and
pandoc interprets it that way.
[markdown syntax guide]:
http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax#list
### Ordered lists ###
Ordered lists work just like bulleted lists, except that the items
begin with enumerators rather than bullets.
In standard markdown, enumerators are decimal numbers followed
by a period and a space. The numbers themselves are ignored, so
there is no difference between this list:
1. one
2. two
3. three
and this one:
5. one
7. two
1. three
#### Extension: `fancy_lists` ####
Unlike standard markdown, Pandoc allows ordered list items to be marked
with uppercase and lowercase letters and roman numerals, in addition to
arabic numerals. List markers may be enclosed in parentheses or followed by a
single right-parentheses or period. They must be separated from the
text that follows by at least one space, and, if the list marker is a
capital letter with a period, by at least two spaces.[^2]
[^2]: The point of this rule is to ensure that normal paragraphs
starting with people's initials, like
B. Russell was an English philosopher.
do not get treated as list items.
This rule will not prevent
(C) 2007 Joe Smith
from being interpreted as a list item. In this case, a backslash
escape can be used:
(C\) 2007 Joe Smith
The `fancy_lists` extension also allows '`#`' to be used as an
ordered list marker in place of a numeral:
#. one
#. two
#### Extension: `startnum` ####
Pandoc also pays attention to the type of list marker used, and to the
starting number, and both of these are preserved where possible in the
output format. Thus, the following yields a list with numbers followed
by a single parenthesis, starting with 9, and a sublist with lowercase
roman numerals:
9) Ninth
10) Tenth
11) Eleventh
i. subone
ii. subtwo
iii. subthree
Pandoc will start a new list each time a different type of list
marker is used. So, the following will create three lists:
(2) Two
(5) Three
1. Four
* Five
If default list markers are desired, use `#.`:
#. one
#. two
#. three
### Definition lists ###
#### Extension: `definition_lists` ####
Pandoc supports definition lists, using the syntax of
[PHP Markdown Extra] with some extensions.[^3]
Term 1
: Definition 1
Term 2 with *inline markup*
: Definition 2
{ some code, part of Definition 2 }
Third paragraph of definition 2.
Each term must fit on one line, which may optionally be followed by
a blank line, and must be followed by one or more definitions.
A definition begins with a colon or tilde, which may be indented one
or two spaces.
A term may have multiple definitions, and each definition may consist of one or
more block elements (paragraph, code block, list, etc.), each indented four
spaces or one tab stop. The body of the definition (including the first line,
aside from the colon or tilde) should be indented four spaces. However,
as with other markdown lists, you can "lazily" omit indentation except
at the beginning of a paragraph or other block element:
Term 1
: Definition
with lazy continuation.
Second paragraph of the definition.
If you leave space before the definition (as in the example above),
the text of the definition will be treated as a paragraph. In some
output formats, this will mean greater spacing between term/definition
pairs. For a more compact definition list, omit the space before the
definition:
Term 1
~ Definition 1
Term 2
~ Definition 2a
~ Definition 2b
Note that space between items in a definition list is required.
(A variant that loosens this requirement, but disallows "lazy"
hard wrapping, can be activated with `compact_definition_lists`: see
[Non-pandoc extensions](#non-pandoc-extensions), below.)
[^3]: I have been influenced by the suggestions of [David Wheeler](http://www.justatheory.com/computers/markup/modest-markdown-proposal.html).
[PHP Markdown Extra]: http://www.michelf.com/projects/php-markdown/extra/
### Numbered example lists ###
#### Extension: `example_lists` ####
The special list marker `@` can be used for sequentially numbered
examples. The first list item with a `@` marker will be numbered '1',
the next '2', and so on, throughout the document. The numbered examples
need not occur in a single list; each new list using `@` will take up
where the last stopped. So, for example:
(@) My first example will be numbered (1).
(@) My second example will be numbered (2).
Explanation of examples.
(@) My third example will be numbered (3).
Numbered examples can be labeled and referred to elsewhere in the
document:
(@good) This is a good example.
As (@good) illustrates, ...
The label can be any string of alphanumeric characters, underscores,
or hyphens.
### Compact and loose lists ###
Pandoc behaves differently from `Markdown.pl` on some "edge
cases" involving lists. Consider this source:
+ First
+ Second:
- Fee
- Fie
- Foe
+ Third
Pandoc transforms this into a "compact list" (with no `<p>` tags around
"First", "Second", or "Third"), while markdown puts `<p>` tags around
"Second" and "Third" (but not "First"), because of the blank space
around "Third". Pandoc follows a simple rule: if the text is followed by
a blank line, it is treated as a paragraph. Since "Second" is followed
by a list, and not a blank line, it isn't treated as a paragraph. The
fact that the list is followed by a blank line is irrelevant. (Note:
Pandoc works this way even when the `markdown_strict` format is specified. This
behavior is consistent with the official markdown syntax description,
even though it is different from that of `Markdown.pl`.)
### Ending a list ###
What if you want to put an indented code block after a list?
- item one
- item two
{ my code block }
Trouble! Here pandoc (like other markdown implementations) will treat
`{ my code block }` as the second paragraph of item two, and not as
a code block.
To "cut off" the list after item two, you can insert some non-indented
content, like an HTML comment, which won't produce visible output in
any format:
- item one
- item two
<!-- end of list -->
{ my code block }
You can use the same trick if you want two consecutive lists instead
of one big list:
1. one
2. two
3. three
<!-- -->
1. uno
2. dos
3. tres
Horizontal rules
----------------
A line containing a row of three or more `*`, `-`, or `_` characters
(optionally separated by spaces) produces a horizontal rule:
* * * *
---------------
Tables
------
Four kinds of tables may be used. The first three kinds presuppose the use of
a fixed-width font, such as Courier. The fourth kind can be used with
proportionally spaced fonts, as it does not require lining up columns.
#### Extension: `table_captions` ####
A caption may optionally be provided with all 4 kinds of tables (as
illustrated in the examples below). A caption is a paragraph beginning
with the string `Table:` (or just `:`), which will be stripped off.
It may appear either before or after the table.
#### Extension: `simple_tables` ####
Simple tables look like this:
Right Left Center Default
------- ------ ---------- -------
12 12 12 12
123 123 123 123
1 1 1 1
Table: Demonstration of simple table syntax.
The headers and table rows must each fit on one line. Column
alignments are determined by the position of the header text relative
to the dashed line below it:[^4]
- If the dashed line is flush with the header text on the right side
but extends beyond it on the left, the column is right-aligned.
- If the dashed line is flush with the header text on the left side
but extends beyond it on the right, the column is left-aligned.
- If the dashed line extends beyond the header text on both sides,
the column is centered.
- If the dashed line is flush with the header text on both sides,
the default alignment is used (in most cases, this will be left).
[^4]: This scheme is due to Michel Fortin, who proposed it on the
[Markdown discussion list](http://six.pairlist.net/pipermail/markdown-discuss/2005-March/001097.html).
The table must end with a blank line, or a line of dashes followed by
a blank line.
The column headers may be omitted, provided a dashed line is used
to end the table. For example:
------- ------ ---------- -------
12 12 12 12
123 123 123 123
1 1 1 1
------- ------ ---------- -------
When headers are omitted, column alignments are determined on the basis
of the first line of the table body. So, in the tables above, the columns
would be right, left, center, and right aligned, respectively.
#### Extension: `multiline_tables` ####
Multiline tables allow headers and table rows to span multiple lines
of text (but cells that span multiple columns or rows of the table are
not supported). Here is an example:
-------------------------------------------------------------
Centered Default Right Left
Header Aligned Aligned Aligned
----------- ------- --------------- -------------------------
First row 12.0 Example of a row that
spans multiple lines.
Second row 5.0 Here's another one. Note
the blank line between
rows.
-------------------------------------------------------------
Table: Here's the caption. It, too, may span
multiple lines.
These work like simple tables, but with the following differences:
- They must begin with a row of dashes, before the header text
(unless the headers are omitted).
- They must end with a row of dashes, then a blank line.
- The rows must be separated by blank lines.
In multiline tables, the table parser pays attention to the widths of
the columns, and the writers try to reproduce these relative widths in
the output. So, if you find that one of the columns is too narrow in the
output, try widening it in the markdown source.
Headers may be omitted in multiline tables as well as simple tables:
----------- ------- --------------- -------------------------
First row 12.0 Example of a row that
spans multiple lines.
Second row 5.0 Here's another one. Note
the blank line between
rows.
----------- ------- --------------- -------------------------
: Here's a multiline table without headers.
It is possible for a multiline table to have just one row, but the row
should be followed by a blank line (and then the row of dashes that ends
the table), or the table may be interpreted as a simple table.
#### Extension: `grid_tables` ####
Grid tables look like this:
: Sample grid table.
+---------------+---------------+--------------------+
| Fruit | Price | Advantages |
+===============+===============+====================+
| Bananas | $1.34 | - built-in wrapper |
| | | - bright color |
+---------------+---------------+--------------------+
| Oranges | $2.10 | - cures scurvy |
| | | - tasty |
+---------------+---------------+--------------------+
The row of `=`s separates the header from the table body, and can be
omitted for a headerless table. The cells of grid tables may contain
arbitrary block elements (multiple paragraphs, code blocks, lists,
etc.). Alignments are not supported, nor are cells that span multiple
columns or rows. Grid tables can be created easily using [Emacs table mode].
[Emacs table mode]: http://table.sourceforge.net/
#### Extension: `pipe_tables` ####
Pipe tables look like this:
| Right | Left | Default | Center |
|------:|:-----|---------|:------:|
| 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| 123 | 123 | 123 | 123 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
: Demonstration of pipe table syntax.
The syntax is [the same as in PHP markdown extra]. The beginning and
ending pipe characters are optional, but pipes are required between all
columns. The colons indicate column alignment as shown. The header
can be omitted, but the horizontal line must still be included, as
it defines column alignments.
Since the pipes indicate column boundaries, columns need not be vertically
aligned, as they are in the above example. So, this is a perfectly
legal (though ugly) pipe table:
fruit| price
-----|-----:
apple|2.05
pear|1.37
orange|3.09
The cells of pipe tables cannot contain block elements like paragraphs
and lists, and cannot span multiple lines. Note also that in LaTeX/PDF
output, the cells produced by pipe tables will not wrap, since there
is no information available about relative widths. If you want content
to wrap within cells, use multiline or grid tables.
[the same as in PHP markdown extra]:
http://michelf.ca/projects/php-markdown/extra/#table
Note: Pandoc also recognizes pipe tables of the following
form, as can produced by Emacs' orgtbl-mode:
| One | Two |
|-----+-------|
| my | table |
| is | nice |
The difference is that `+` is used instead of `|`. Other orgtbl features
are not supported. In particular, to get non-default column alignment,
you'll need to add colons as above.
Metadata blocks
---------------
#### Extension: `pandoc_title_block` ####
If the file begins with a title block
% title
% author(s) (separated by semicolons)
% date
it will be parsed as bibliographic information, not regular text. (It
will be used, for example, in the title of standalone LaTeX or HTML
output.) The block may contain just a title, a title and an author,
or all three elements. If you want to include an author but no
title, or a title and a date but no author, you need a blank line:
%
% Author
% My title
%
% June 15, 2006
The title may occupy multiple lines, but continuation lines must
begin with leading space, thus:
% My title
on multiple lines
If a document has multiple authors, the authors may be put on
separate lines with leading space, or separated by semicolons, or
both. So, all of the following are equivalent:
% Author One
Author Two
% Author One; Author Two
% Author One;
Author Two
The date must fit on one line.
All three metadata fields may contain standard inline formatting
(italics, links, footnotes, etc.).
Title blocks will always be parsed, but they will affect the output only
when the `--standalone` (`-s`) option is chosen. In HTML output, titles
will appear twice: once in the document head -- this is the title that
will appear at the top of the window in a browser -- and once at the
beginning of the document body. The title in the document head can have
an optional prefix attached (`--title-prefix` or `-T` option). The title
in the body appears as an H1 element with class "title", so it can be
suppressed or reformatted with CSS. If a title prefix is specified with
`-T` and no title block appears in the document, the title prefix will
be used by itself as the HTML title.
The man page writer extracts a title, man page section number, and
other header and footer information from the title line. The title
is assumed to be the first word on the title line, which may optionally
end with a (single-digit) section number in parentheses. (There should
be no space between the title and the parentheses.) Anything after
this is assumed to be additional footer and header text. A single pipe
character (`|`) should be used to separate the footer text from the header
text. Thus,
% PANDOC(1)
will yield a man page with the title `PANDOC` and section 1.
% PANDOC(1) Pandoc User Manuals
will also have "Pandoc User Manuals" in the footer.
% PANDOC(1) Pandoc User Manuals | Version 4.0
will also have "Version 4.0" in the header.
#### Extension: `yaml_metadata_block` ####
A YAML metadata block is a valid YAML object, delimited by a line of three
hyphens (`---`) at the top and a line of three hyphens (`---`) or three dots
(`...`) at the bottom. A YAML metadata block may occur anywhere in the
document, but if it is not at the beginning, it must be preceded by a blank
line. (Note that, because of the way pandoc concatenates input files when
several are provided, you may also keep the metadata in a separate YAML file
and pass it to pandoc as an argument, along with your markdown files:
pandoc chap1.md chap2.md chap3.md metadata.yaml -s -o book.html
Just be sure that the YAML file begins with `---` and ends with `---` or
`...`.)
Metadata will be taken from the fields of the YAML object and added to any
existing document metadata. Metadata can contain lists and objects (nested
arbitrarily), but all string scalars will be interpreted as markdown. Fields
with names ending in an underscore will be ignored by pandoc. (They may be
given a role by external processors.)
A document may contain multiple metadata blocks. The metadata fields will
be combined through a *left-biased union*: if two metadata blocks attempt
to set the same field, the value from the first block will be taken.
When pandoc is used with `-t markdown` to create a markdown document,
a YAML metadata block will be produced only if the `-s/--standalone`
option is used. All of the metadata will appear in a single block
at the beginning of the document.
Note that YAML escaping rules must be followed. Thus, for example,
if a title contains a colon, it must be quoted. The pipe character
(`|`) can be used to begin an indented block that will be interpreted
literally, without need for escaping. This form is necessary
when the field contains blank lines:
---
title: 'This is the title: it contains a colon'
author:
- name: Author One
affiliation: University of Somewhere
- name: Author Two
affiliation: University of Nowhere
tags: [nothing, nothingness]
abstract: |
This is the abstract.
It consists of two paragraphs.
...
Template variables will be set automatically from the metadata. Thus, for
example, in writing HTML, the variable `abstract` will be set to the HTML
equivalent of the markdown in the `abstract` field:
<p>This is the abstract.</p>
<p>It consists of two paragraphs.</p>
Note: The `author` variable in the default templates expects a simple list or
string. To use the structured authors in the example, you would need a
custom template. For example:
$for(author)$
$if(author.name)$
$author.name$$if(author.affiliation)$ ($author.affiliation$)$endif$
$else$
$author$
$endif$
$endfor$
Backslash escapes
-----------------
#### Extension: `all_symbols_escapable` ####
Except inside a code block or inline code, any punctuation or space
character preceded by a backslash will be treated literally, even if it
would normally indicate formatting. Thus, for example, if one writes
*\*hello\**
one will get
<em>*hello*</em>
instead of
<strong>hello</strong>
This rule is easier to remember than standard markdown's rule,
which allows only the following characters to be backslash-escaped:
\`*_{}[]()>#+-.!
(However, if the `markdown_strict` format is used, the standard markdown rule
will be used.)
A backslash-escaped space is parsed as a nonbreaking space. It will
appear in TeX output as `~` and in HTML and XML as `\ ` or
`\ `.
A backslash-escaped newline (i.e. a backslash occurring at the end of
a line) is parsed as a hard line break. It will appear in TeX output as
`\\` and in HTML as `<br />`. This is a nice alternative to
markdown's "invisible" way of indicating hard line breaks using
two trailing spaces on a line.
Backslash escapes do not work in verbatim contexts.
Smart punctuation
-----------------
#### Extension ####
If the `--smart` option is specified, pandoc will produce typographically
correct output, converting straight quotes to curly quotes, `---` to
em-dashes, `--` to en-dashes, and `...` to ellipses. Nonbreaking spaces
are inserted after certain abbreviations, such as "Mr."
Note: if your LaTeX template uses the `csquotes` package, pandoc will
detect automatically this and use `\enquote{...}` for quoted text.
Inline formatting
-----------------
### Emphasis ###
To *emphasize* some text, surround it with `*`s or `_`, like this:
This text is _emphasized with underscores_, and this
is *emphasized with asterisks*.
Double `*` or `_` produces **strong emphasis**:
This is **strong emphasis** and __with underscores__.
A `*` or `_` character surrounded by spaces, or backslash-escaped,
will not trigger emphasis:
This is * not emphasized *, and \*neither is this\*.
#### Extension: `intraword_underscores` ####
Because `_` is sometimes used inside words and identifiers,
pandoc does not interpret a `_` surrounded by alphanumeric
characters as an emphasis marker. If you want to emphasize
just part of a word, use `*`:
feas*ible*, not feas*able*.
### Strikeout ###
#### Extension: `strikeout` ####
To strikeout a section of text with a horizontal line, begin and end it
with `~~`. Thus, for example,
This ~~is deleted text.~~
### Superscripts and subscripts ###
#### Extension: `superscript`, `subscript` ####
Superscripts may be written by surrounding the superscripted text by `^`
characters; subscripts may be written by surrounding the subscripted
text by `~` characters. Thus, for example,
H~2~O is a liquid. 2^10^ is 1024.
If the superscripted or subscripted text contains spaces, these spaces
must be escaped with backslashes. (This is to prevent accidental
superscripting and subscripting through the ordinary use of `~` and `^`.)
Thus, if you want the letter P with 'a cat' in subscripts, use
`P~a\ cat~`, not `P~a cat~`.
### Verbatim ###
To make a short span of text verbatim, put it inside backticks:
What is the difference between `>>=` and `>>`?
If the verbatim text includes a backtick, use double backticks:
Here is a literal backtick `` ` ``.
(The spaces after the opening backticks and before the closing
backticks will be ignored.)
The general rule is that a verbatim span starts with a string
of consecutive backticks (optionally followed by a space)
and ends with a string of the same number of backticks (optionally
preceded by a space).
Note that backslash-escapes (and other markdown constructs) do not
work in verbatim contexts:
This is a backslash followed by an asterisk: `\*`.
#### Extension: `inline_code_attributes` ####
Attributes can be attached to verbatim text, just as with
[fenced code blocks](#fenced-code-blocks):
`<$>`{.haskell}
### Small caps ###
To write small caps, you can use an HTML span tag:
<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Small caps</span>
(The semicolon is optional and there may be space after the
colon.) This will work in all output formats that support small caps.
Math
----
#### Extension: `tex_math_dollars` ####
Anything between two `$` characters will be treated as TeX math. The
opening `$` must have a non-space character immediately to its right,
while the closing `$` must have a non-space character immediately to its
left, and must not be followed immediately by a digit. Thus,
`$20,000 and $30,000` won't parse as math. If for some reason
you need to enclose text in literal `$` characters, backslash-escape
them and they won't be treated as math delimiters.
TeX math will be printed in all output formats. How it is rendered
depends on the output format:
Markdown, LaTeX, Org-Mode, ConTeXt
~ It will appear verbatim between `$` characters.
reStructuredText
~ It will be rendered using an interpreted text role `:math:`, as described
[here](http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/ref/rst/roles.html#math)
AsciiDoc
~ It will be rendered as `latexmath:[...]`.
Texinfo
~ It will be rendered inside a `@math` command.
groff man
~ It will be rendered verbatim without `$`'s.
MediaWiki, DokuWiki
~ It will be rendered inside `<math>` tags.
Textile
~ It will be rendered inside `<span class="math">` tags.
RTF, OpenDocument, ODT
~ It will be rendered, if possible, using unicode characters,
and will otherwise appear verbatim.
Docbook
~ If the `--mathml` flag is used, it will be rendered using mathml
in an `inlineequation` or `informalequation` tag. Otherwise it
will be rendered, if possible, using unicode characters.
Docx
~ It will be rendered using OMML math markup.
FictionBook2
~ If the `--webtex` option is used, formulas are rendered as images
using Google Charts or other compatible web service, downloaded
and embedded in the e-book. Otherwise, they will appear verbatim.
HTML, Slidy, DZSlides, S5, EPUB
~ The way math is rendered in HTML will depend on the
command-line options selected:
1. The default is to render TeX math as far as possible using unicode
characters, as with RTF, DocBook, and OpenDocument output. Formulas
are put inside a `span` with `class="math"`, so that they may be
styled differently from the surrounding text if needed.
2. If the `--latexmathml` option is used, TeX math will be displayed
between `$` or `$$` characters and put in `<span>` tags with class `LaTeX`.
The [LaTeXMathML] script will be used to render it as formulas.
(This trick does not work in all browsers, but it works in Firefox.
In browsers that do not support LaTeXMathML, TeX math will appear
verbatim between `$` characters.)
3. If the `--jsmath` option is used, TeX math will be put inside
`<span>` tags (for inline math) or `<div>` tags (for display math)
with class `math`. The [jsMath] script will be used to render
it.
4. If the `--mimetex` option is used, the [mimeTeX] CGI script will
be called to generate images for each TeX formula. This should
work in all browsers. The `--mimetex` option takes an optional URL
as argument. If no URL is specified, it will be assumed that the
mimeTeX CGI script is at `/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi`.
5. If the `--gladtex` option is used, TeX formulas will be enclosed
in `<eq>` tags in the HTML output. The resulting `htex` file may then
be processed by [gladTeX], which will produce image files for each
formula and an `html` file with links to these images. So, the
procedure is:
pandoc -s --gladtex myfile.txt -o myfile.htex
gladtex -d myfile-images myfile.htex
# produces myfile.html and images in myfile-images
6. If the `--webtex` option is used, TeX formulas will be converted
to `<img>` tags that link to an external script that converts
formulas to images. The formula will be URL-encoded and concatenated
with the URL provided. If no URL is specified, the Google Chart
API will be used (`http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=tx&chl=`).
7. If the `--mathjax` option is used, TeX math will be displayed
between `\(...\)` (for inline math) or `\[...\]` (for display
math) and put in `<span>` tags with class `math`.
The [MathJax] script will be used to render it as formulas.
Raw HTML
--------
#### Extension: `raw_html` ####
Markdown allows you to insert raw HTML (or DocBook) anywhere in a document
(except verbatim contexts, where `<`, `>`, and `&` are interpreted
literally). (Technically this is not an extension, since standard
markdown allows it, but it has been made an extension so that it can
be disabled if desired.)
The raw HTML is passed through unchanged in HTML, S5, Slidy, Slideous,
DZSlides, EPUB, Markdown, and Textile output, and suppressed in other
formats.
#### Extension: `markdown_in_html_blocks` ####
Standard markdown allows you to include HTML "blocks": blocks
of HTML between balanced tags that are separated from the surrounding text
with blank lines, and start and end at the left margin. Within
these blocks, everything is interpreted as HTML, not markdown;
so (for example), `*` does not signify emphasis.
Pandoc behaves this way when the `markdown_strict` format is used; but
by default, pandoc interprets material between HTML block tags as markdown.
Thus, for example, Pandoc will turn
<table>
<tr>
<td>*one*</td>
<td>[a link](http://google.com)</td>
</tr>
</table>
into
<table>
<tr>
<td><em>one</em></td>
<td><a href="http://google.com">a link</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
whereas `Markdown.pl` will preserve it as is.
There is one exception to this rule: text between `<script>` and
`<style>` tags is not interpreted as markdown.
This departure from standard markdown should make it easier to mix
markdown with HTML block elements. For example, one can surround
a block of markdown text with `<div>` tags without preventing it
from being interpreted as markdown.
#### Extension: `native_divs` ####
Use native pandoc `Div` blocks for content inside `<div>` tags.
For the most part this should give the same output as
`markdown_in_html_blocks`, but it makes it easier to write pandoc
filters to manipulate groups of blocks.
#### Extension: `native_spans` ####
Use native pandoc `Span` blocks for content inside `<span>` tags.
For the most part this should give the same output as `raw_html`,
but it makes it easier to write pandoc filters to manipulate groups
of inlines.
Raw TeX
-------
#### Extension: `raw_tex` ####
In addition to raw HTML, pandoc allows raw LaTeX, TeX, and ConTeXt to be
included in a document. Inline TeX commands will be preserved and passed
unchanged to the LaTeX and ConTeXt writers. Thus, for example, you can use
LaTeX to include BibTeX citations:
This result was proved in \cite{jones.1967}.
Note that in LaTeX environments, like
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}\hline
Age & Frequency \\ \hline
18--25 & 15 \\
26--35 & 33 \\
36--45 & 22 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
the material between the begin and end tags will be interpreted as raw
LaTeX, not as markdown.
Inline LaTeX is ignored in output formats other than Markdown, LaTeX,
and ConTeXt.
LaTeX macros
------------
#### Extension: `latex_macros` ####
For output formats other than LaTeX, pandoc will parse LaTeX `\newcommand` and
`\renewcommand` definitions and apply the resulting macros to all LaTeX
math. So, for example, the following will work in all output formats,
not just LaTeX:
\newcommand{\tuple}[1]{\langle #1 \rangle}
$\tuple{a, b, c}$
In LaTeX output, the `\newcommand` definition will simply be passed
unchanged to the output.
Links
-----
Markdown allows links to be specified in several ways.
### Automatic links ###
If you enclose a URL or email address in pointy brackets, it
will become a link:
<http://google.com>
<sam@green.eggs.ham>
### Inline links ###
An inline link consists of the link text in square brackets,
followed by the URL in parentheses. (Optionally, the URL can
be followed by a link title, in quotes.)
This is an [inline link](/url), and here's [one with
a title](http://fsf.org "click here for a good time!").
There can be no space between the bracketed part and the parenthesized part.
The link text can contain formatting (such as emphasis), but the title cannot.
Email addresses in inline links are not autodetected, so they have to be
prefixed with `mailto`:
[Write me!](mailto:sam@green.eggs.ham)
### Reference links ###
An *explicit* reference link has two parts, the link itself and the link
definition, which may occur elsewhere in the document (either
before or after the link).
The link consists of link text in square brackets, followed by a label in
square brackets. (There can be space between the two.) The link definition
consists of the bracketed label, followed by a colon and a space, followed by
the URL, and optionally (after a space) a link title either in quotes or in
parentheses. The label must not be parseable as a citation (assuming
the `citations` extension is enabled): citations take precedence over
link labels.
Here are some examples:
[my label 1]: /foo/bar.html "My title, optional"
[my label 2]: /foo
[my label 3]: http://fsf.org (The free software foundation)
[my label 4]: /bar#special 'A title in single quotes'
The URL may optionally be surrounded by angle brackets:
[my label 5]: <http://foo.bar.baz>
The title may go on the next line:
[my label 3]: http://fsf.org
"The free software foundation"
Note that link labels are not case sensitive. So, this will work:
Here is [my link][FOO]
[Foo]: /bar/baz
In an *implicit* reference link, the second pair of brackets is
empty, or omitted entirely:
See [my website][], or [my website].
[my website]: http://foo.bar.baz
Note: In `Markdown.pl` and most other markdown implementations,
reference link definitions cannot occur in nested constructions
such as list items or block quotes. Pandoc lifts this arbitrary
seeming restriction. So the following is fine in pandoc, though
not in most other implementations:
> My block [quote].
>
> [quote]: /foo
### Internal links ###
To link to another section of the same document, use the automatically
generated identifier (see [Header identifiers in HTML, LaTeX, and
ConTeXt](#header-identifiers-in-html-latex-and-context), below).
For example:
See the [Introduction](#introduction).
or
See the [Introduction].
[Introduction]: #introduction
Internal links are currently supported for HTML formats (including
HTML slide shows and EPUB), LaTeX, and ConTeXt.
Images
------
A link immediately preceded by a `!` will be treated as an image.
The link text will be used as the image's alt text:
![movie reel]
[movie reel]: movie.gif
#### Extension: `implicit_figures` ####
An image occurring by itself in a paragraph will be rendered as
a figure with a caption.[^5] (In LaTeX, a figure environment will be
used; in HTML, the image will be placed in a `div` with class
`figure`, together with a caption in a `p` with class `caption`.)
The image's alt text will be used as the caption.
[^5]: This feature is not yet implemented for RTF, OpenDocument, or
ODT. In those formats, you'll just get an image in a paragraph by
itself, with no caption.
If you just want a regular inline image, just make sure it is not
the only thing in the paragraph. One way to do this is to insert a
nonbreaking space after the image:
\
Footnotes
---------
#### Extension: `footnotes` ####
Pandoc's markdown allows footnotes, using the following syntax:
Here is a footnote reference,[^1] and another.[^longnote]
[^1]: Here is the footnote.
[^longnote]: Here's one with multiple blocks.
Subsequent paragraphs are indented to show that they
belong to the previous footnote.
{ some.code }
The whole paragraph can be indented, or just the first
line. In this way, multi-paragraph footnotes work like
multi-paragraph list items.
This paragraph won't be part of the note, because it
isn't indented.
The identifiers in footnote references may not contain spaces, tabs,
or newlines. These identifiers are used only to correlate the
footnote reference with the note itself; in the output, footnotes
will be numbered sequentially.
The footnotes themselves need not be placed at the end of the
document. They may appear anywhere except inside other block elements
(lists, block quotes, tables, etc.).
#### Extension: `inline_notes` ####
Inline footnotes are also allowed (though, unlike regular notes,
they cannot contain multiple paragraphs). The syntax is as follows:
Here is an inline note.^[Inlines notes are easier to write, since
you don't have to pick an identifier and move down to type the
note.]
Inline and regular footnotes may be mixed freely.
Citations
---------
#### Extension: `citations` ####
Using an external filter, `pandoc-citeproc`, pandoc can automatically generate
citations and a bibliography in a number of styles. Basic usage is
pandoc --filter pandoc-citeproc myinput.txt
In order to use this feature, you will need to specify a bibliography file
using the `bibliography` metadata field in a YAML metadata section.
The bibliography may have any of these formats:
Format File extension
------------ --------------
MODS .mods
BibLaTeX .bib
BibTeX .bibtex
RIS .ris
EndNote .enl
EndNote XML .xml
ISI .wos
MEDLINE .medline
Copac .copac
JSON citeproc .json
Note that `.bib` can generally be used with both BibTeX and BibLaTeX
files, but you can use `.bibtex` to force BibTeX.
As an alternative to specifying a bibliography file, you can include
the citation data directly in the `references` field of the
document's YAML metadata. The field should contain an array of
YAML-encoded references, for example:
---
references:
- id: fenner2012a
title: One-click science marketing
author:
- family: Fenner
given: Martin
container-title: Nature Materials
volume: 11
URL: 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3283'
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3283
issue: 4
publisher: Nature Publishing Group
page: 261-263
type: article-journal
issued:
year: 2012
month: 3
...
(The program `mods2yaml`, which comes with `pandoc-citeproc`, can help produce
these from a MODS reference collection.)
By default, `pandoc-citeproc` will use a Chicago author-date format for
citations and references. To use another style, you will need to specify
a [CSL] 1.0 style file in the `csl` metadata field. A primer on creating and
modifying CSL styles can be found at
<http://citationstyles.org/downloads/primer.html>. A repository of CSL styles
can be found at <https://github.com/citation-style-language/styles>. See also
<http://zotero.org/styles> for easy browsing.
Citations go inside square brackets and are separated by semicolons.
Each citation must have a key, composed of '@' + the citation
identifier from the database, and may optionally have a prefix,
a locator, and a suffix. The citation key must begin with a letter
or `_`, and may contain alphanumerics, `_`, and internal punctuation
characters (`:.#$%&-+?<>~/`). Here are some examples:
Blah blah [see @doe99, pp. 33-35; also @smith04, ch. 1].
Blah blah [@doe99, pp. 33-35, 38-39 and *passim*].
Blah blah [@smith04; @doe99].
A minus sign (`-`) before the `@` will suppress mention of
the author in the citation. This can be useful when the
author is already mentioned in the text:
Smith says blah [-@smith04].
You can also write an in-text citation, as follows:
@smith04 says blah.
@smith04 [p. 33] says blah.
If the style calls for a list of works cited, it will be placed
at the end of the document. Normally, you will want to end your
document with an appropriate header:
last paragraph...
# References
The bibliography will be inserted after this header. Note that
the `unnumbered` class will be added to this header, so that the
section will not be numbered.
If you want to include items in the bibliography without actually
citing them in the body text, you can define a dummy `nocite` metadata
field and put the citations there:
---
nocite: |
@item1, @item2
...
@item3
In this example, the document will contain a citation for `item3`
only, but the bibliography will contain entries for `item1`, `item2`, and
`item3`.
Non-pandoc extensions
---------------------
The following markdown syntax extensions are not enabled by default
in pandoc, but may be enabled by adding `+EXTENSION` to the format
name, where `EXTENSION` is the name of the extension. Thus, for
example, `markdown+hard_line_breaks` is markdown with hard line breaks.
#### Extension: `lists_without_preceding_blankline` ####
Allow a list to occur right after a paragraph, with no intervening
blank space.
#### Extension: `hard_line_breaks` ####
Causes all newlines within a paragraph to be interpreted as hard line
breaks instead of spaces.
#### Extension: `ignore_line_breaks` ####
Causes newlines within a paragraph to be ignored, rather than being
treated as spaces or as hard line breaks. This option is intended for
use with East Asian languages where spaces are not used between words,
but text is divided into lines for readability.
#### Extension: `tex_math_single_backslash` ####
Causes anything between `\(` and `\)` to be interpreted as inline
TeX math, and anything between `\[` and `\]` to be interpreted
as display TeX math. Note: a drawback of this extension is that
it precludes escaping `(` and `[`.
#### Extension: `tex_math_double_backslash` ####
Causes anything between `\\(` and `\\)` to be interpreted as inline
TeX math, and anything between `\\[` and `\\]` to be interpreted
as display TeX math.
#### Extension: `markdown_attribute` ####
By default, pandoc interprets material inside block-level tags as markdown.
This extension changes the behavior so that markdown is only parsed
inside block-level tags if the tags have the attribute `markdown=1`.
#### Extension: `mmd_title_block` ####
Enables a [MultiMarkdown] style title block at the top of
the document, for example:
Title: My title
Author: John Doe
Date: September 1, 2008
Comment: This is a sample mmd title block, with
a field spanning multiple lines.
See the MultiMarkdown documentation for details. If `pandoc_title_block` or
`yaml_metadata_block` is enabled, it will take precedence over
`mmd_title_block`.
[MultiMarkdown]: http://fletcherpenney.net/multimarkdown/
#### Extension: `abbreviations` ####
Parses PHP Markdown Extra abbreviation keys, like
*[HTML]: Hyper Text Markup Language
Note that the pandoc document model does not support
abbreviations, so if this extension is enabled, abbreviation keys are
simply skipped (as opposed to being parsed as paragraphs).
#### Extension: `autolink_bare_uris` ####
Makes all absolute URIs into links, even when not surrounded by
pointy braces `<...>`.
#### Extension: `ascii_identifiers` ####
Causes the identifiers produced by `auto_identifiers` to be pure ASCII.
Accents are stripped off of accented latin letters, and non-latin
letters are omitted.
#### Extension: `link_attributes` ####
Parses multimarkdown style key-value attributes on link and image references.
Note that pandoc's internal document model provides nowhere to put
these, so they are presently just ignored.
#### Extension: `mmd_header_identifiers` ####
Parses multimarkdown style header identifiers (in square brackets,
after the header but before any trailing `#`s in an ATX header).
#### Extension: `compact_definition_lists` ####
Activates the definition list syntax of pandoc 1.12.x and earlier.
This syntax differs from the one described [above](#definition-lists)
in several respects:
- No blank line is required between consecutive items of the
definition list.
- To get a "tight" or "compact" list, omit space between consecutive
items; the space between a term and its definition does not affect
anything.
- Lazy wrapping of paragraphs is not allowed: the entire definition must
be indented four spaces.[^6]
[^6]: To see why laziness is incompatible with relaxing the requirement
of a blank line between items, consider the following example:
bar
: definition
foo
: definition
Is this a single list item with two definitions of "bar," the first of
which is lazily wrapped, or two list items? To remove the ambiguity
we must either disallow lazy wrapping or require a blank line between
list items.
Markdown variants
-----------------
In addition to pandoc's extended markdown, the following markdown
variants are supported:
`markdown_phpextra` (PHP Markdown Extra)
: `footnotes`, `pipe_tables`, `raw_html`, `markdown_attribute`,
`fenced_code_blocks`, `definition_lists`, `intraword_underscores`,
`header_attributes`, `abbreviations`.
`markdown_github` (Github-flavored Markdown)
: `pipe_tables`, `raw_html`, `tex_math_single_backslash`,
`fenced_code_blocks`, `auto_identifiers`,
`ascii_identifiers`, `backtick_code_blocks`, `autolink_bare_uris`,
`intraword_underscores`, `strikeout`, `hard_line_breaks`
`markdown_mmd` (MultiMarkdown)
: `pipe_tables` `raw_html`, `markdown_attribute`, `link_attributes`,
`raw_tex`, `tex_math_double_backslash`, `intraword_underscores`,
`mmd_title_block`, `footnotes`, `definition_lists`,
`all_symbols_escapable`, `implicit_header_references`,
`auto_identifiers`, `mmd_header_identifiers`
`markdown_strict` (Markdown.pl)
: `raw_html`
Extensions with formats other than markdown
-------------------------------------------
Some of the extensions discussed above can be used with formats
other than markdown:
* `auto_identifiers` can be used with `latex`, `rst`, `mediawiki`,
and `textile` input (and is used by default).
* `tex_math_dollars`, `tex_math_single_backslash`, and
`tex_math_double_backslash` can be used with `html` input.
(This is handy for reading web pages formatted using MathJax,
for example.)
Producing slide shows with Pandoc
=================================
You can use Pandoc to produce an HTML + javascript slide presentation
that can be viewed via a web browser. There are five ways to do this,
using [S5], [DZSlides], [Slidy], [Slideous], or [reveal.js].
You can also produce a PDF slide show using LaTeX [beamer].
Here's the markdown source for a simple slide show, `habits.txt`:
% Habits
% John Doe
% March 22, 2005
# In the morning
## Getting up
- Turn off alarm
- Get out of bed
## Breakfast
- Eat eggs
- Drink coffee
# In the evening
## Dinner
- Eat spaghetti
- Drink wine
------------------
## Going to sleep
- Get in bed
- Count sheep
To produce an HTML/javascript slide show, simply type
pandoc -t FORMAT -s habits.txt -o habits.html
where `FORMAT` is either `s5`, `slidy`, `slideous`, `dzslides`, or `revealjs`.
For Slidy, Slideous, reveal.js, and S5, the file produced by pandoc with the
`-s/--standalone` option embeds a link to javascripts and CSS files, which are
assumed to be available at the relative path `s5/default` (for S5), `slideous`
(for Slideous), `reveal.js` (for reveal.js), or at the Slidy website at
`w3.org` (for Slidy). (These paths can be changed by setting the `slidy-url`,
`slideous-url`, `revealjs-url`, or `s5-url` variables; see `--variable`,
above.) For DZSlides, the (relatively short) javascript and css are included in
the file by default.
With all HTML slide formats, the `--self-contained` option can be used to
produce a single file that contains all of the data necessary to display the
slide show, including linked scripts, stylesheets, images, and videos.
To produce a PDF slide show using beamer, type
pandoc -t beamer habits.txt -o habits.pdf
Note that a reveal.js slide show can also be converted to a PDF
by printing it to a file from the browser.
Structuring the slide show
--------------------------
By default, the *slide level* is the highest header level in
the hierarchy that is followed immediately by content, and not another
header, somewhere in the document. In the example above, level 1 headers
are always followed by level 2 headers, which are followed by content,
so 2 is the slide level. This default can be overridden using
the `--slide-level` option.
The document is carved up into slides according to the following
rules:
* A horizontal rule always starts a new slide.
* A header at the slide level always starts a new slide.
* Headers *below* the slide level in the hierarchy create
headers *within* a slide.
* Headers *above* the slide level in the hierarchy create
"title slides," which just contain the section title
and help to break the slide show into sections.
* A title page is constructed automatically from the document's title
block, if present. (In the case of beamer, this can be disabled
by commenting out some lines in the default template.)
These rules are designed to support many different styles of slide show. If
you don't care about structuring your slides into sections and subsections,
you can just use level 1 headers for all each slide. (In that case, level 1
will be the slide level.) But you can also structure the slide show into
sections, as in the example above.
Note: in reveal.js slide shows, if slide level is 2, a two-dimensional
layout will be produced, with level 1 headers building horizontally
and level 2 headers building vertically. It is not recommended that
you use deeper nesting of section levels with reveal.js.
Incremental lists
-----------------
By default, these writers produces lists that display "all at once."
If you want your lists to display incrementally (one item at a time),
use the `-i` option. If you want a particular list to depart from the
default (that is, to display incrementally without the `-i` option and
all at once with the `-i` option), put it in a block quote:
> - Eat spaghetti
> - Drink wine
In this way incremental and nonincremental lists can be mixed in
a single document.
Inserting pauses
----------------
You can add "pauses" within a slide by including a paragraph containing
three dots, separated by spaces:
# Slide with a pause
content before the pause
. . .
content after the pause
Styling the slides
------------------
You can change the style of HTML slides by putting customized CSS files
in `$DATADIR/s5/default` (for S5), `$DATADIR/slidy` (for Slidy),
or `$DATADIR/slideous` (for Slideous),
where `$DATADIR` is the user data directory (see `--data-dir`, above).
The originals may be found in pandoc's system data directory (generally
`$CABALDIR/pandoc-VERSION/s5/default`). Pandoc will look there for any
files it does not find in the user data directory.
For dzslides, the CSS is included in the HTML file itself, and may
be modified there.
For reveal.js, themes can be used by setting the `theme` variable,
for example:
-V theme=moon
Or you can specify a custom stylesheet using the `--css` option.
To style beamer slides, you can specify a beamer "theme" or "colortheme"
using the `-V` option:
pandoc -t beamer habits.txt -V theme:Warsaw -o habits.pdf
Note that header attributes will turn into slide attributes
(on a `<div>` or `<section>`) in HTML slide formats, allowing you
to style individual slides. In Beamer, the only header attribute
that affects slides is the `allowframebreaks` class, which sets the
`allowframebreaks` option, causing multiple slides to be created
if the content overfills the frame. This is recommended especially for
bibliographies:
# References {.allowframebreaks}
Speaker notes
-------------
reveal.js has good support for speaker notes. You can add notes to your
markdown document thus:
<div class="notes">
This is my note.
- It can contain markdown
- like this list
</div>
To show the notes window, press `s` while viewing the presentation.
Notes are not yet supported for other slide formats, but the notes
will not appear on the slides themselves.
EPUB Metadata
=============
EPUB metadata may be specified using the `--epub-metadata` option, but
if the source document is markdown, it is better to use a YAML metadata
block. Here is an example:
---
title:
- type: main
text: My Book
- type: subtitle
text: An investigation of metadata
creator:
- role: author
text: John Smith
- role: editor
text: Sarah Jones
identifier:
- scheme: DOI
text: doi:10.234234.234/33
publisher: My Press
rights: © 2007 John Smith, CC BY-NC
...
The following fields are recognized:
`identifier`
~ Either a string value or an object with fields `text` and
`scheme`. Valid values for `scheme` are `ISBN-10`,
`GTIN-13`, `UPC`, `ISMN-10`, `DOI`, `LCCN`, `GTIN-14`,
`ISBN-13`, `Legal deposit number`, `URN`, `OCLC`,
`ISMN-13`, `ISBN-A`, `JP`, `OLCC`.
`title`
~ Either a string value, or an object with fields `file-as` and
`type`, or a list of such objects. Valid values for `type` are
`main`, `subtitle`, `short`, `collection`, `edition`, `extended`.
`creator`
~ Either a string value, or an object with fields `role`, `file-as`,
and `text`, or a list of such objects. Valid values for `role` are
[marc relators](http://www.loc.gov/marc/relators/relaterm.html), but
pandoc will attempt to translate the human-readable versions
(like "author" and "editor") to the appropriate marc relators.
`contributor`
~ Same format as `creator`.
`date`
~ A string value in `YYYY-MM-DD` format. (Only the year is necessary.)
Pandoc will attempt to convert other common date formats.
`language`
~ A string value in [RFC5646] format. Pandoc will default to the local
language if nothing is specified.
`subject`
~ A string value or a list of such values.
`description`
~ A string value.
`type`
~ A string value.
`format`
~ A string value.
`relation`
~ A string value.
`coverage`
~ A string value.
`rights`
~ A string value.
`cover-image`
~ A string value (path to cover image).
`stylesheet`
~ A string value (path to CSS stylesheet).
`page-progression-direction`
~ Either `ltr` or `rtl`. Specifies the `page-progression-direction`
spine [attribute][EPUBspine].
Literate Haskell support
========================
If you append `+lhs` (or `+literate_haskell`) to an appropriate input or output
format (`markdown`, `markdown_strict`, `rst`, or `latex` for input or output;
`beamer`, `html` or `html5` for output only), pandoc will treat the document as
literate Haskell source. This means that
- In markdown input, "bird track" sections will be parsed as Haskell
code rather than block quotations. Text between `\begin{code}`
and `\end{code}` will also be treated as Haskell code.
- In markdown output, code blocks with classes `haskell` and `literate`
will be rendered using bird tracks, and block quotations will be
indented one space, so they will not be treated as Haskell code.
In addition, headers will be rendered setext-style (with underlines)
rather than atx-style (with '#' characters). (This is because ghc
treats '#' characters in column 1 as introducing line numbers.)
- In restructured text input, "bird track" sections will be parsed
as Haskell code.
- In restructured text output, code blocks with class `haskell` will
be rendered using bird tracks.
- In LaTeX input, text in `code` environments will be parsed as
Haskell code.
- In LaTeX output, code blocks with class `haskell` will be rendered
inside `code` environments.
- In HTML output, code blocks with class `haskell` will be rendered
with class `literatehaskell` and bird tracks.
Examples:
pandoc -f markdown+lhs -t html
reads literate Haskell source formatted with markdown conventions and writes
ordinary HTML (without bird tracks).
pandoc -f markdown+lhs -t html+lhs
writes HTML with the Haskell code in bird tracks, so it can be copied
and pasted as literate Haskell source.
Custom writers
==============
Pandoc can be extended with custom writers written in [lua]. (Pandoc
includes a lua interpreter, so lua need not be installed separately.)
To use a custom writer, simply specify the path to the lua script
in place of the output format. For example:
pandoc -t data/sample.lua
Creating a custom writer requires writing a lua function for each
possible element in a pandoc document. To get a documented example
which you can modify according to your needs, do
pandoc --print-default-data-file sample.lua
Authors
=======
© 2006-2013 John MacFarlane (jgm at berkeley dot edu). Released under the
[GPL], version 2 or greater. This software carries no warranty of
any kind. (See COPYRIGHT for full copyright and warranty notices.)
Other contributors include Recai Oktaş, Paulo Tanimoto, Peter Wang,
Andrea Rossato, Eric Kow, infinity0x, Luke Plant, shreevatsa.public,
Puneeth Chaganti, Paul Rivier, rodja.trappe, Bradley Kuhn, thsutton,
Nathan Gass, Jonathan Daugherty, Jérémy Bobbio, Justin Bogner, qerub,
Christopher Sawicki, Kelsey Hightower, Masayoshi Takahashi, Antoine
Latter, Ralf Stephan, Eric Seidel, B. Scott Michel, Gavin Beatty,
Sergey Astanin, Arlo O'Keeffe, Denis Laxalde, Brent Yorgey, David Lazar,
Jamie F. Olson, Matthew Pickering, Albert Krewinkel, mb21, Jesse
Rosenthal.
[markdown]: http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/
[reStructuredText]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/ref/rst/introduction.html
[S5]: http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/
[Slidy]: http://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy/
[Slideous]: http://goessner.net/articles/slideous/
[HTML]: http://www.w3.org/TR/html40/
[HTML 5]: http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/
[XHTML]: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/
[LaTeX]: http://www.latex-project.org/
[beamer]: http://www.tex.ac.uk/CTAN/macros/latex/contrib/beamer
[ConTeXt]: http://www.pragma-ade.nl/
[RTF]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Text_Format
[DocBook]: http://www.docbook.org/
[OPML]: http://dev.opml.org/spec2.html
[OpenDocument]: http://opendocument.xml.org/
[ODT]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument
[Textile]: http://redcloth.org/textile
[MediaWiki markup]: http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting
[DokuWiki markup]: https://www.dokuwiki.org/dokuwiki
[TWiki markup]: http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/view/TWiki/TextFormattingRules
[Haddock markup]: http://www.haskell.org/haddock/doc/html/ch03s08.html
[groff man]: http://developer.apple.com/DOCUMENTATION/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man7/groff_man.7.html
[Haskell]: http://www.haskell.org/
[GNU Texinfo]: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
[Emacs Org-Mode]: http://orgmode.org
[AsciiDoc]: http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/
[GPL]: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html "GNU General Public License"
[DZSlides]: http://paulrouget.com/dzslides/
[ISO 8601 format]: http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime
[Word docx]: http://www.microsoft.com/interop/openup/openxml/default.aspx
[PDF]: http://www.adobe.com/pdf/
[reveal.js]: http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/
[FictionBook2]: http://www.fictionbook.org/index.php/Eng:XML_Schema_Fictionbook_2.1
[lua]: http://www.lua.org
[marc relators]: http://www.loc.gov/marc/relators/relaterm.html
[RFC5646]: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5646
[InDesign ICML]: https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/indesign/cs55-docs/IDML/idml-specification.pdf
[txt2tags]: http://txt2tags.org/
[EPUB]: http://idpf.org/epub
[EPUBspine]: http://www.idpf.org/epub/301/spec/epub-publications.html#sec-spine-elem
[KaTeX]: https://github.com/Khan/KaTeX
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