Steve's Tracer. A DTrace on windows syscall hook reimplementation. Think of this like a patchguard compatible SSDT hook, but without hacks. This doesn't support SSSDT (win32k apis), as the DTrace system call APIs themselves do not support this additional table. Zw* kernel apis can be traced in addition to all usermode SSDT syscalls.
Please read to the end of this readme if you're developing new plugins for STrace!
Dtrace on windows supports multiple probe types. These include syscall, fbt, etw, profile, and maybe more. This reimplementation only re-implements the syscall and etw probe types. All other probe types are considered completely out of scope for this project, and will never be supported. Please feel free to fork the project if you wish to add additional probe types. The scope was limited to just syscall and etw probes due to the complexity of the other probe types and the systems they touch.
This reimplementation completely discards the D scripting language (note: NOT DLang the more popular modern language). The complexity of a VM in the kernel like the original DTrace implementation is unsuitable for this project. Instead, this implementation directly exposes the relevant C callbacks required to plug into the DTrace windows kernel interfaces. To enable 'hot-loading' of scripts a DLL based plugin system was used as a replacement for the VM + scripting evironment of the original dtrace. This plugin system accepts a 'normal' usermode DLL without any security checks enabled, or otherwise external dependencies and manually maps it into the kernel adress space. The plugin dll has exports which are invoked when kernel syscall callbacks occur. Kernel APIs are resolved via the normal import table (IAT) of the DLL, plugin DLLs link to ntoskrnl.lib and then the driver will resolve these APIs at load time, allowing any system apis to be called within plugin DLLs like normal. Performance of this plugin system is excellent as native code, rather than a script interpreter or a JIT, is directly executing between syscall ENTRY and RETURN. This design improves performance compared to the dtrace implementation provided by Microsoft.
Setting hooks is very simple, you get a routine to register/unregister a hook by api name, with a pre and post syscall callback. Callbacks have arguments and return values accessible as read only values. Return values can be spoofed in return probes and arguments can be modified in the entry probes, but the original syscall cannot normally replace or 'cancel' a syscall - this API acts as an observer. There does however exist an oversight similar to the same on documented in (https://github.com/everdox/InfinityHook and https://github.com/everdox/InfinityHook/raw/master/resources/perf.png) which allows the syscall pointer to be replaced on the stack. With this oversight, it is possible to completely replace a syscall with a pointer to a routine you control instead. When events occur and your hook callback fires, whatever you like can be done. Callbacks are synchonous, meaning if you delay execution in the entry callback by say sitting in a while loop then the syscall call will be delayed by that amount of time. Execution of the system call occurs just after return from the entry callback, and just before entry of the return callback. This system is fully patchguard compatible, however DSE must be disable as Microsoft unfortunately considers this type of kernel extension part of the NT kernel and so validates that the root signer is windows. This does not work with tricks like enabling custom kernel signers, DSE really must be off during kernel boot.
ValidationFlags=IMGP_LATEST_MS_ROOT_REQUIRED | IMGP_WINDOWS_ROOT_REQUIRED | IMGP_MS_SIGNATURE_REQUIRED
Scenario=ImgSigningScenarioWindows
The Rust driver discards the DLL based plugin system used by the C++ driver and attempts to use a web assembly interpreter to host wasm scripts in the windows kernel instead. This is to be more similar to the original dtrace implementation which uses a VM, but with a better language than DLang. This provides sandboxing and other nice benefits. The POC is complete and works, but unfortunately is not usable due to performance issues with interpretering WASM with WASMI. A NT kernel compatible JIT based wasm engine would be required for this alternative design to be workable. It's included as a fun novelty, and might be usable for something else with some work.
This project is largely split between it's C++ and Rust components. The C driver is feature complete and should be preferred. At a high level the project has the following components
- C++ Driver w/ DLL based plugins
- Rust Driver w/ wasm script based plugins
- C++ DLL plugin to monitor file deletes
- C++ DLL plugin to log all system calls and arguments
- Rust Wasm script plugin to test POC of wasm in NT Kernel
- Rust Wasm script tester to mock execution of wasm plugins in usermode
- Rust log symbolicator to symbolicate C++ driver stack traces. Doesn't use DIA SDK.
Setup Visual Studio w/ DDK
- Install VS2022 + Windows SDK + Windows DDK. In that order, with matching SDK and WDK build numbers. See https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/download-the-wdk#download-icon-for-visual-studio-step-1-install-visual-studio-2022
- Change STrace driver project Windows SDK settings to the installed WDK version. STrace->Properties->General->Windows SDK Version (Your WDK build number).
Build the driver and cli, move the files to the same folder as the script, then run the powershell script in install folder as admin:
./install_as_admin.ps1
Reboot, then select the STrace boot entry, and press F8 (not enter!) on this screen:
That should bring up this screen, select boot with DSE disabled:
After successful boot, the CLI can be used to load and unload plugin DLLs to begin tracing. Two example plugins are provided. Read the details below in detail if you run into issues. You may need to reboot again the first time, and potentially manually set the STrace service to autostart at boot using a tool such as process hacker.
The original DTrace installation is here: https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/windows-kernel-internals/dtrace-on-windows-20h1-updates/ba-p/1127929. The original DTrace requires Secure Boot and Virtualized Based Security to be configured, this is not the case with STrace as it doesn't implement the probe types (FBT) that require those features.
This project does the same operations as the installer, but via a simple powershell script instead of an MSI. The process is simple. First copy an apiset dll to system32 so that the kernel extension is activated. Then install a driver entry so that the driver main is executed at system startup for usermode communications. ApiSet dlls are digitally signed, so the original microsoft apiset was used, as required. This file is only provided in binary form and contains no logic other than to point the extension import to the implementing driver: ext-ms-win-ntos-trace-l1-1-0 -> dtrace.sys. See https://www.geoffchappell.com/studies/windows/win32/apisetschema/index.htm (ApiSetSchemaExtensions) for details on this mechanism.
STrace is loaded very early during kernel initialization, enabling Test Signing in the boot configuration database (BCD) is not sufficient. Driver signature enforcement (DSE) must be disabled for STrace to successfully load, and this must be done every boot manually. To facilitate this the install script creates an easy boot menu entry for the user to select. There is no BCD flag to allow DSE to be permanently disabled across reboots, the kernel specifically forbids this.
Forgetting to disable DSE on boot will win you a trip to the Automatic Repair menu upon restarting. You can try again without harm, if boot continues to fail the STrace driver will need to be manually removed from the drivers folder. Be aware that boot failures can cause the STrace service's autorun flag to be disabled by windows*, you may need to set this back to autorun if a boot failure occurs at any time.
To develop your own plugins it's best to use one of the existing plugins as a base project. The visual studio projects are set with many very specific settings to generate free standing binaries with no dependencies. The non-default settings are too many to list, so simply copy one of the projects, and modify the code to add your own logic instead (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/884255/visual-studio-copy-project). If you create a useful plugin, please submit a PR ! The more plugins that are made the more useful this system is to everyone!
