Basic computer course
The word "computer" originated from the Latin word "compute." "Compute" means to calculate or count. An electronic machine that can store data and find information, do calculations, and control other machines is called a computer. It works only when we give some input; otherwise, it is like a dead body. It is a machine that can solve a number of problems. Computers are used in various fields such as schools, education, business, homes, industries, and communication, etc.
“A computer is an electronic device which accepts data from the user, processes it inside the C.P.U, and gives meaningful results as output.”
Input devices are hardware components used to provide data and control signals to a computer. Common examples include the keyboard, mouse, microphone, and scanner. These devices allow users to interact with the computer, entering information and commands that the computer processes.
The CPU is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions from software by performing arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output (I/O) operations. It processes data from input devices and sends the processed data to output devices. The CPU’s performance determines how fast and efficiently a computer can run programs.
Output devices are hardware components that convey information from the computer to the user. Examples include monitors, printers, and speakers. These devices display or produce the results of the computer’s processes, such as text, images, or sounds.
RAM is a type of volatile memory that temporarily stores data and programs currently in use by the CPU. It allows for quick access and manipulation of data, making it essential for smooth multitasking and overall system performance. When the computer is turned off, the data in RAM is lost.
ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores essential instructions needed for the computer to boot up, such as the BIOS. Unlike RAM, the data in ROM is not lost when the computer is turned off, and it cannot be easily modified by the user.
The ALU is a critical component of the CPU that performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction) and logic (comparison, bitwise operations) operations. It is responsible for executing mathematical calculations and making decisions based on logical conditions.
The Control Unit manages the operations of the CPU by directing the flow of data between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It interprets instructions from programs and coordinates the activities of all computer components, ensuring that tasks are executed in the correct sequence.
Input refers to the data or commands that are entered into a computer system using input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, or microphone. These inputs are essential for the computer to perform tasks and process information.
Processing is the action performed by the computer’s CPU to manipulate, calculate, or organize the input data according to a set of instructions (programs). During processing, the CPU executes operations that transform the raw input into meaningful information.
Output is the result of the computer’s processing, delivered to the user through output devices like monitors, printers, or speakers. The output can be in various forms, such as text, images, sounds, or printed documents.
An ancient calculating tool used for arithmetic operations.
A manually operated calculating device for multiplication and division.
A mechanical device used for mathematical calculations, particularly multiplication and division.
The first mechanical calculator, invented by Blaise Pascal, used for addition and subtraction.
A mechanical calculator designed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for multiplication and division.
An automated weaving loom that used punched cards to control the pattern.
A mechanical calculator designed by Charles Babbage to compute mathematical tables.
A proposed mechanical general-purpose computer by Charles Babbage, which laid the foundation for modern computers.
Known as the first computer programmer for her work on Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
Developed by Herman Hollerith to process and tabulate census data.
An early electronic computer developed by IBM and Harvard, used for scientific calculations.
The first electronic computer, designed by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry.
13. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) (इलेक्ट्रोनिक न्यूमेरिकल इंटेग्रेटर एण्ड कम्प्युटर)
One of the earliest general-purpose electronic digital computers.
14. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) (इलेक्ट्रोनिक डिस्क्रीट भेरिएबल अटोमाटिक कम्प्युटर)
An early electronic computer designed to store programs in memory.
The first commercially available computer used for business and administrative tasks.
A mid-sized computer designed for smaller tasks and organizations, smaller than mainframes but more powerful than microcomputers.
Technology: Vacuum Tubes
Characteristics: Computers from this era used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were large, expensive, and generated a lot of heat. Examples include the ENIAC and UNIVAC I.
Technology: Transistors
Characteristics: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, more reliable, and energy-efficient. This generation saw the development of early programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN. Examples include the IBM 1401 and UNIVAC II.
Technology: Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Characteristics: Integrated circuits, which contained multiple transistors on a single chip, replaced transistors, leading to further miniaturization and increased performance. This generation introduced more user-friendly interfaces and multiprogramming. Examples include the IBM 360 and PDP-8.
Technology: Microprocessors
Characteristics: Microprocessors, which are single chips containing the CPU, marked this generation. They led to the development of personal computers and significant advancements in computing power, size, and affordability. Examples include the Intel 4004 and the Apple II.
Technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Advanced Computing
Characteristics: This generation focuses on AI, machine learning, and quantum computing. Computers in this generation aim to simulate human intelligence and perform complex problem-solving tasks. They are characterized by the integration of advanced technologies and increased connectivity. Examples include modern AI systems and quantum computers.