build(go): shift Go support window to [1.22, 1.23]

[Wwwsylvia]

1. Upgrading go.mod to 1.22
2. Using new for syntax like for i := range N
3. Migrating random generator from package math/rand to package math/rand/v2

References:

• Go 1.22 release notes
• Secure Randomness in Go 1.22

Resolves: #812

[github-advanced-security]

This pull request sets up GitHub code scanning for this repository. Once the scans have completed and the checks have passed, the analysis results for this pull request branch will appear on this overview. Once you merge this pull request, the 'Security' tab will show more code scanning analysis results (for example, for the default branch). Depending on your configuration and choice of analysis tool, future pull requests will be annotated with code scanning analysis results. For more information about GitHub code scanning, check out the documentation.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 77.90%. Comparing base (606f636) to head (62b3113).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #820      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   77.94%   77.90%   -0.05%     
==========================================
  Files          63       63              
  Lines        4698     4698              
==========================================
- Hits         3662     3660       -2     
- Misses        656      657       +1     
- Partials      380      381       +1     

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Have feedback on the report? Share it here.

[shizhMSFT]

LGTM