Notes

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• Altitude – The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level.
• Climatological station – A station whose observations are used for climatological purposes.
• In situ observation – An observation made by a device that is in physical or direct contact with the object or phenomenon under study.
• Land station – A meteorological observing station situated on land.
• Permanent wilting point – The point reached by a plant when the moisture content of the soil is reduced and the plant wilts and does not recover its turgidity when placed in a humid atmosphere.

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At a climatological station for hydrological purposes, observations should be made of one or more of the elements necessary for the quantitative estimation of the atmospheric phases of the hydrological cycle, as follows:

• Precipitation:
  • Amount;
  • Time of occurrence;
  • Form (e.g. rain, snow, sleet);
  • Character (continuous, intermittent, scattere d showers, etc.);
  • Intensity;
• Air temperature (including extreme temperatures);
• Air humidity;
• Wind
  • speed and direction (10-minute wind average);
  • daily run;
• Amount and type of cloud;
• Snow cover:
  • Snow depth;
  • Density;
  • Water equivalent;
• Evaporation (measured with evaporation pan);
• Solar radiation;
• Sunshine;
• Soil temperature;
• Atmospheric pressure;
• Soil moisture.

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Lightning safety

The six most common dangerous activities associated with lightning strikes, in order, are:

• Work or play in open fields.
• Boating, fishing, and swimming.
• Working on heavy farm or road equipment.
• Playing golf.
• Talking on the telephone.
• Repairing or using electrical appliances.

If caught in the open during a strike and the hair on your head or neck begins to stand on end (this really happens) go inside the nearest building. If no shelter is available, crouch down immediately in the lowest possible spot and roll up in a ball with feet on the ground. (DO NOT LIE DOWN.)

Treatment:

• Check breathing and pulse.
• TREAT APPARENTLY DEAD FIRST.
• Perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
• Apply cardiopulmonary resuscitation.