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# Sphinx build info version 1 | ||
# This file hashes the configuration used when building these files. When it is not found, a full rebuild will be done. | ||
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# 地震“学”参考书 | ||
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欢迎阅读由[地震“学”小组](https://github.com/orgs/seismo-learn/people)撰写的《地震“学”参考书》。 | ||
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地震学课程以及传统的纸质书籍,由于学时和篇幅的限制以及教师或作者的个人偏好, | ||
不可能涵盖地震学科研过程中所需的全部基础知识。因而地震学科研工作者 | ||
通常需要从多本不同的教材及网络渠道获得所需的信息。 | ||
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这本**电子**参考书将包含我们在日常科研中遇到的一些知识点。这些知识点 | ||
可能没有被主流的地震学教科书所涵盖,或者没有详细的解释。 | ||
我们将在这里整理并记录下来我们的理解。 | ||
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严格意义上来说,这不是一本完整的地震学“教科书”或“参考书”。或许可以作为 | ||
研读地震学教程或日常科研时的辅助材料。 | ||
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:::{warning} | ||
本书正在缓慢编写中,尚未完成,预计在未来 10 年内完成,也可能永远不会完成。 | ||
::: | ||
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:::{admonition} 免责声明 | ||
本书的所有内容完全基于撰写者在地震学科研过程中的理解与体会, | ||
并不具备权威性,仅供读者参考。 | ||
::: |
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# 地壳震相 | ||
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- 本节贡献者:{{ 姚家园 }} (作者) | ||
- 最近更新日期:2021-01-07 | ||
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--- | ||
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地球洋壳的厚度一般是 6 km,陆壳厚度一般是 30—50 km。地壳和地幔之间存在地震波速度 | ||
陡升的一级不连续面,即 Moho 面。因此,在地壳不同深度的震源会在不同震中距处会产生射线路径 | ||
不同的地震震相。 | ||
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- **Pg**:在近场,上地壳震源产生的上行 P 波或在上地壳折返的 P 波。也可表示在更大震中距处, | ||
整个地壳内部多次 P 波混响产生的震相,群速度约为 5.8 km/s。 | ||
- **Pb**:也叫 P\*,下地壳震源产生的上行 P 波或在下地壳折返的 P 波。 | ||
- **PmP**:Moho 不连续面的上界面反射 P 波 | ||
- **Pn**:在上地幔顶部折返的任何 P 波或上地幔顶部震源产生的上行 P 波 | ||
- **Sg**:在近场,上地壳震源产生的上行 S 波或在上地壳折返的 S 波。也可表示在更大震中距处, | ||
整个地壳内部多次 S 波混响与 SV-P 和/或 P-SV 转换的叠加而产生的震相。 | ||
- **Sb**:也称 S\*,下地壳震源产生的上行 S 波或在下地壳折返的 S 波。 | ||
- **SmS**:Moho 不连续面的上界面反射 S 波 | ||
- **Sn**:在上地幔顶部折返的任何 S 波或上地幔顶部震源产生的上行 S 波 | ||
- **Lg**:在较大的区域距离处,由整个地壳内部多次 S 波混响与 SV-P 和/或 P-SV 转换的叠加而产生的波群。 | ||
最大能量的群速度大约是 3.5 km/s。 | ||
- **Rg**: 短周期地壳瑞利波 | ||
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:::{figure} crustal-phase-raypaths.jpg | ||
:align: center | ||
:alt: 常见地壳震相的几何路径 | ||
:width: 60.0% | ||
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在局部和区域震中距(0°—20°)处,双层地壳模型中常见地壳震相的射线路径。 | ||
(a)震源位于上地壳;(b)震源位于下地壳;(c)震源位于上地幔顶部。 | ||
图片来自 *New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice (第二版)* 的 | ||
Information Sheet 2.1 的图 1 | ||
::: | ||
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## 参考文档 | ||
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- [IASPEI standard phase list](http://www.isc.ac.uk/standards/phases/) | ||
- [The IASPEI standard nomenclature of seismic phases](https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_2.1) |
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# 面波 | ||
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- 本节贡献者:{{ 姚家园 }} | ||
- 最近更新日期:2022-08-19 | ||
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--- | ||
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## 面波频散 | ||
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不同频率的面波传播速度不同,即频散(dispersion)。面波的传播速度与频率的函数关系称为 | ||
频散曲线(dispersion curve)。面波有两种传播速度: | ||
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- 相速度(phase velocity):波峰或波谷的传播速度,常用 $c$ 表示 | ||
- 群速度(group velocity):波包的传播速度,常用 $U$ 表示 | ||
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::::{dropdown} 相速度和群速度的示意图 | ||
:color: info | ||
:icon: info | ||
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如下图所示,波峰的传播速度是相速度;波包的传播速度是群速度。 | ||
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波包指台站记录到的振动的包络线,代表了波的能量。下图绘制了第一个台站和最后台站的波包, | ||
需要注意的是下图的包络线只是为了形象化表示波包而刻意描绘出来的,台站处的介质实际运动还是振动曲线。 | ||
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如下图所示,在波传播过程中,波峰的形状并不是固定的,而会在包络线的约束下改变。 | ||
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:::{figure} dispersion-cartoon.jpg | ||
:align: center | ||
:alt: "相速度和群速度的示意图" | ||
:width: 50% | ||
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相速度和群速度的示意图。修改自《[Introduction to Seismology]》(第三版)图 8.7。 | ||
::: | ||
:::: | ||
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下图是全球一维模型 PREM 的理论面波频散曲线。对于地球而言,面波的相速度一般随着周期的增加 | ||
而增加,并且群速度一般比相速度小。 | ||
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:::{figure} surface-wave-dispersion.jpg | ||
:align: center | ||
:alt: "面波理论频散曲线" | ||
:width: 70% | ||
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基阶 Love 波(左)和 Rayleigh 波(右)的理论频散曲线(来自 Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM))。 | ||
修改自《[Introduction to Seismology]》(第三版)图 8.8。 | ||
::: | ||
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下图是大陆和大洋下传播面波的群速度频散曲线,横坐标采用了对数,这为了更好地显示短周期的频散。 | ||
可以看出大陆和大洋路径的面波群速度有以下区别: | ||
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- 大陆路径的面波频散比海洋路径弱,即频散曲线更平缓。 | ||
例如,大洋路径的 Rayleigh 波在 10-20 秒周期内,频散极强,群速度从 1 km/s 骤增至 | ||
3.5 km/s;而大陆路径的 Rayleigh 波在 3-50 秒周期内,群速度也只从 2 km/s 增加至 | ||
约 3.8 km/s。这主要是因为大洋地壳厚度比大陆地壳厚度小很多,前者约为 5-8 公里, | ||
后者约为 25-50 公里,大陆高山区地壳还会更厚。 | ||
- 大陆路径的面波频散比海洋路径更持久,即群速度随周期而变化的周期区间更大。 | ||
例如,大洋路径的 Love 波在 10 秒周期后,群速度几乎保持不变,大约 4.5 km/s; | ||
而大陆路径的 Love 波的频散一直持续到约 100 秒周期。 | ||
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:::{figure} surface-wave-group-velocity.png | ||
:align: center | ||
:alt: "大陆和大洋的面波群速度" | ||
:width: 60% | ||
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大陆和大洋的面波群速度。修改自《[An Introduction to the Theory of Seismology]》(第四版)图 11.1。 | ||
::: | ||
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% 该图实际上来自《Earthquakes and Geological Discovery》第五章的一张图, | ||
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% 我们利用 WebPlotDigitizer 软件(https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer/)抠出数据,用 GMT 绘制而成的。 | ||
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% 《New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice》第二章的图 2.10 也有类似的图: | ||
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% https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch2 | ||
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% MIT OCW (Introduction to Seismology) 的 Lecture 12 的图 12 也类似: | ||
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% https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-510-introduction-to-seismology-spring-2010/ | ||
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% 这些频散曲线均来自 Oliver, J. (1962). A summary of observed seismic surface wave dispersion. | ||
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% Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 52(1), 81-86. | ||
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% https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/52/1/81/101314/A-summary-of-observed-seismic-surface-wave?redirectedFrom=fulltext |
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