A Python toolkit for calculating dose rates and aircraft electronics upset rates in Earth's atmosphere based on any incoming proton or alpha particle spectra, with any pitch angle distribution.
N.B. Currently this tool only runs on Linux-based machines (not on Windows) and requires a copy of MAGNETOCOSMICS to be installed.
If you use this software for scientific research, please reference AniMAIRE according to the appropriate journal publication rules.
A scientific paper about this software is currently in production, and we recently published a preprint, which can be found here, about AniMAIRE and some interesting scientific findings we've made using our work with AniMAIRE so far.
You can use AniMAIRE to produce dose rate data and maps throughout large space weather events and plot them like this:
To install this toolkit using the common pip Python method, run
pip install AniMAIRE
Otherwise, to install this toolkit from this Github repository, first clone this repository to your local system, and then from the cloned respository, run
sudo pip3 install .
in the cloned directory.
Note that there are quite a few sizeable data files within some of the dependencies for this package that get copied during installation (on the order of about several hundred megabytes in total) so installation may take a couple of minutes.
To use this package you must have a version of magnetocosmics installed, such that magnetocosmics can be run by typing 'magnetocosmics' the terminal, i.e. typing:
$ magnetocosmics
outputs something like the following:
################################
!!! G4Backtrace is activated !!!
################################
**************************************************************
Geant4 version Name: geant4-11-00-patch-02 [MT] (25-May-2022)
Copyright : Geant4 Collaboration
References : NIM A 506 (2003), 250-303
: IEEE-TNS 53 (2006), 270-278
: NIM A 835 (2016), 186-225
WWW : http://geant4.org/
**************************************************************
/h n m 1900.0 1905.0 1910.0 1915.0 1920.0 1925.0 1930.0 1935.0 1940.0 1945.0 1950.0 1955.0 1960.0 1965.0 1970.0 1975.0 1980.0 1985.0 1990.0 1995.0 2000.0 2005.0 2010.0 2015.0 2020.0 SV
mmm1900
Nyear 25
1900
Nyear 25
...
g 8 8
h 8 8
g 9 0
0.0 0 -999
XGSE in GEI (0.193332,-0.900173,-0.39027)
(0.0573796,-0.172205,0.983389)
-19.4809
Selected index20
XGSE in GEI (0.17509,-0.903305,-0.391643)
(0.0590434,-0.175608,0.982688)
-25.9091
Test93
Test97
Test
G4CashKarpRKF45 is called
While this package is new, it fundamentally relies on Magnetocosmics through the AsympDirsCalculator package, and it is likely that the community will eventually create a successor for Magnetocosmics. One attempt to do this is the OTSO software, which is also designed to be open-source and community oriented. We hope that in the future, AniMAIRE could be integrated with OTSO.
After installation, to import the toolkit into a particular Python script, run
from AniMAIRE import AniMAIRE
All of the main useful functions are contained within this AniMAIRE module, and all other modules contained in this toolkit are primarily intended to be accessed internally (although don't let that stop you from using or editing them for your own purposes if you wish).
The rest of the README file describes how to run AniMAIRE to produce dose rates for different input parameters. You can also look at and run the examples present in the AniMAIRE_examples.ipynb notebook, and the advanced examples in the notebooks_and_data_and_figures_for_paper/GLE71_plots_for_paper.ipynb notebook to learn and see in practice how AniMAIRE can be used.
To test that AniMAIRE works, you can run:
from AniMAIRE import AniMAIRE
import datetime as dt
test_isotropic_dose_rates = AniMAIRE.run_from_spectra(
proton_rigidity_spectrum=lambda x:2.56*(x**-3.41),
Kp_index=3,
date_and_time=dt.datetime(2006, 12, 13, 3, 0),
array_of_lats_and_longs=[[65.0,25.0]],
)
in Python. This should produce some dose rates as output to test_isotropic_dose_rates in the format (the meaning of each column is explained later on in this README, under the "Simple isotropic runs and plotting" heading):
latitude longitude altitude (km) edose adose dosee tn1 tn2 tn3 SEU SEL
0 65.0 25.0 0.0000 0.010434 0.012526 0.010010 0.004431 0.002726 0.001826 2.725682e-16 2.725682e-11
1 65.0 25.0 3.0480 0.101553 0.117294 0.085010 0.051717 0.033506 0.022912 3.350616e-15 3.350616e-10
2 65.0 25.0 6.0960 0.669389 0.736989 0.456343 0.324250 0.210297 0.144131 2.102967e-14 2.102967e-09
3 65.0 25.0 7.6200 1.432404 1.525608 0.966025 0.658130 0.426616 0.292777 4.266156e-14 4.266156e-09
4 65.0 25.0 8.5344 2.147704 2.220632 1.416257 0.950846 0.614894 0.422072 6.148938e-14 6.148938e-09
5 65.0 25.0 9.4488 3.108676 3.124392 2.063826 1.319292 0.854931 0.586036 8.549315e-14 8.549315e-09
6 65.0 25.0 10.3632 4.377677 4.263813 2.692120 1.767081 1.142345 0.782749 1.142345e-13 1.142345e-08
7 65.0 25.0 11.2776 5.993970 5.643631 3.764450 2.292849 1.480059 1.010255 1.480059e-13 1.480059e-08
8 65.0 25.0 12.1920 7.953998 7.262904 5.017846 2.881359 1.850446 1.263386 1.850446e-13 1.850446e-08
9 65.0 25.0 13.1064 10.414874 9.115408 6.247418 3.514676 2.249009 1.532907 2.249009e-13 2.249009e-08
10 65.0 25.0 14.0208 13.242733 11.101641 7.800097 4.184576 2.665499 1.810092 2.665499e-13 2.665499e-08
11 65.0 25.0 14.9352 16.603692 13.430864 9.571582 4.865316 3.082233 2.086676 3.082233e-13 3.082233e-08
12 65.0 25.0 15.8496 20.842479 15.942018 11.573518 5.568722 3.503950 2.361370 3.503950e-13 3.503950e-08
13 65.0 25.0 16.7640 25.482167 18.658393 13.926003 6.254882 3.914514 2.628245 3.914514e-13 3.914514e-08
14 65.0 25.0 17.6784 31.020574 21.767530 16.937656 6.902852 4.295149 2.869582 4.295149e-13 4.295149e-08
15 65.0 25.0 18.5928 37.203113 24.734609 19.638953 7.495669 4.637948 3.081391 4.637948e-13 4.637948e-08
The primary function for performing a run to calculate dose rates in AniMAIRE is the run_from_spectra function, which has the format:
def run_from_spectra(
proton_rigidity_spectrum=None,
alpha_rigidity_spectrum=None,
reference_pitch_angle_latitude=None,
reference_pitch_angle_longitude=None,
proton_pitch_angle_distribution=isotropicPitchAngleDistribution(),
alpha_pitch_angle_distribution=isotropicPitchAngleDistribution(),
altitudes_in_kft=[0,10,20] + [i for i in range(25, 61 + 1, 3)],
altitudes_in_km=None,
Kp_index=None,
date_and_time=dt.datetime.now(),
array_of_lats_and_longs=default_array_of_lats_and_longs,
array_of_zeniths_and_azimuths=np.array([[0.0, 0.0]]),
cache_magnetocosmics_run=True,
generate_NM_count_rates=False,
use_default_9_zeniths_azimuths=False,
**mag_cos_kwargs
)
run_from_spectra performs a run at a single date and time and Kp index to calculate dose rates across Earth's atmosphere based on proton, alpha particle, or proton + alpha particle spectra. Particle spectra here must be described in units of cm-2 s-1 sr-1 (GV/n)-1, and with respect to rigidity in units of GV.
Particle spectra and pitch angle distributions can be set as any 'callable' object in Python, i.e., a function, as shown in examples below. At least one particle spectrum must be specified, as well as a Kp index, so this function to execute successfully. For runs designed to simulate dose rates during particular dates and times, the argument date_and_time must also be supplied with a Python datetime corresponding to the timestamp being investigated (by default, the function assumes that the current date and time should be used).
Note that while this function can optionally take an alpha particle spectrum as an input, it actually interpolates the dose rates due to alpha particles to those of heavier ions too, so outputted dose rates due to an alpha particle spectrum are in fact the combined total of all ions heavier than protons.
Several types of runs can be performed with AniMAIRE; for instance, only vertical asymptotic directions are used to calculate dose rates by default. You can optionally set use_default_9_zeniths_azimuths to True to use the mean of nine different asymptotic directions to calculate dose rates, as was done by Cramp et al. (1997), to calculate dose rates during particularly complex events (note that this means calculations will take approximately nine times longer). You can also manually set your own choice of asymptotic directions for taking the average using the array_of_zeniths_and_azimuths variable.
AniMAIRE performs runs of the MAGNETOCOSMICS as part of dose rate calculations (using the AsympDirsCalculator package), and these currently take up by far the majority of AniMAIRE runtime - on the order of over half an hour on the developer's computer versus less than 6 minutes for the rest of the program. Therefore if the cache_magnetocosmics_run argument is set to True, which it is by default, AniMAIRE will cache the results of MAGNETOCOSMICS simulations in the directory that AniMAIRE is run from in the generated cachedMagnetocosmicsRunData and cacheAsymptoticDirectionOutputs directories. This significantly speeds up any tasks where users wish to investigate a constant Kp_index and date_and_time, but wish to vary the spectrum and pitch angle distribution and investigate how dose rates are impacted, as magnetocosmics runs are only performed once.
You can pass settings and variables to AsympDirsCalculator through adding additional keyword arguments to run_from_spectra with the same names as the arguments given on the AsympDirsCalculator Github page. These settings and variable get assigned to the **mag_cos_kwargs object, and passed to AsympDirsCalculator by AniMAIRE.
A basic run of the run_from_spectra function might look like this:
from AniMAIRE import AniMAIRE
import datetime as dt
test_isotropic_dose_rates = AniMAIRE.run_from_spectra(
proton_rigidity_spectrum=lambda x:2.56*(x**-3.41),
Kp_index=3,
date_and_time=dt.datetime(2006, 12, 13, 3, 0),
)
in this example, the proton rigidity spectrum is set to be a power law with a normalisation factor of 2.56 cm-2 s-1 sr-1 (GV/n)-1, and a spectral index of 3.41, using the commonly used lambda approach to create a function within a single line. Kp index is set to be 3, and the date and time to simulate are set to be 13th of December 2006, 03:00. This function will likely take at least several minutes to run, depending on the speed of the machine and number of cores, and should output a Pandas DataFrame to test_isotropic_dose_rates, giving:
latitude longitude altitude (km) edose adose dosee tn1 tn2 tn3 SEU SEL
0 -90.0 0.0 0.0000 0.010442 0.012540 0.010010 0.004437 0.002729 0.001828 2.729229e-16 2.729229e-11
1 -90.0 0.0 3.0480 0.101786 0.117658 0.085755 0.051895 0.033617 0.022979 3.361684e-15 3.361684e-10
2 -90.0 0.0 6.0960 0.672702 0.742332 0.457695 0.326731 0.211853 0.145046 2.118530e-14 2.118530e-09
3 -90.0 0.0 7.6200 1.442377 1.541670 0.975436 0.665785 0.431261 0.295516 4.312608e-14 4.312608e-09
4 -90.0 0.0 8.5344 2.165860 2.249419 1.426324 0.964791 0.623291 0.426927 6.232913e-14 6.232913e-09
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
42619 90.0 355.0 14.9352 16.953199 14.033322 9.762795 5.138425 3.234975 2.164808 3.234975e-13 3.234975e-08
42620 90.0 355.0 15.8496 21.327714 16.796347 11.858681 5.949880 3.711156 2.463976 3.711156e-13 3.711156e-08
42621 90.0 355.0 16.7640 26.122787 19.802434 14.318360 6.759204 4.182604 2.757482 4.182604e-13 4.182604e-08
42622 90.0 355.0 17.6784 31.856083 23.278901 17.431863 7.562120 4.638132 3.029771 4.638132e-13 4.638132e-08
42623 90.0 355.0 18.5928 38.265701 26.680896 20.232603 8.340509 5.067928 3.275415 5.067928e-13 5.067928e-08
when test_isotropic_dose_rates is printed.
The outputted dose rate (or flux) labels represent the following dose rate/flux types:
| label | dose rate/flux type |
|---|---|
| adose | ambient dose equivalent in µSv/hr |
| edose | effective dose in µSv/hr |
| dosee | dose equivalent in µSv/hr |
| tn1 | >1 MeV neutron flux, in n/cm2/s |
| tn2 | >10 MeV neutron flux, in n/cm2/s |
| tn3 | >60 MeV neutron flux, in n/cm2/s |
| SEU | single event upset rate for an SRAM device in upsets/second/bit |
| SEL | single event latch-up rate for an SRAM device in latch-ups/second/device |
These dose rates are produced by default at every latitude and longitude corresponding to 5 by 5 degree intervals across Earth's surface, and for altitudes of 0 kilofeet, 10 kilofeet, 20 kilofeet and between 25 kilofeet and 61 kilofeet at intervals of 3 kilofeet. This can be altered using the altitudes_in_kft, altitudes_in_km and array_of_lats_and_longs.
Any particular altitudes the user wants to use can be supplied to altitudes_in_kft or altitudes_in_km as a list or numpy array.
If you want to perform calculations only at a specific set of latitudes and longitudes you should use the array_of_lats_and_longs argument, supplying it as a 2 dimensional list or numpy array, where the first column refers to latitudes and the second column refers to longitudes. All longitudes in this case should be specified in terms of longitude east (i.e. 0.00 degrees - 359.99 degrees). Using the array_of_lats_and_longs argument significantly speeds up the running of AniMAIRE if you're only interested in a small number of coordinates, so its use is highly recommended in those situations.
There are many ways you could plot this data. Several example functions,plot_dose_map and create_single_dose_map_plotly, have been supplied in AniMAIRE that uses matplotlib or plotly to plot the dose rates across Earth (i.e. as a function of latitude and longitude) at a given altitude. Both of these functions are available in the dose_plotting submodule supplied with AniMAIRE. Their specifications are the following:
def plot_dose_map(map_to_plot,
plot_title=None,
plot_contours=True,
levels=3,
**kwargs)
for matplotlib plots, where map_to_plot is the Pandas DataFrame outputted by a run of AniMAIRE, with only one altitude selected. plot_contours can be switched on or off to control whether contours are added to the plot, and levels can be used to specify to number of contours and/or dose rates for the contours to correspond to. hue_range can also be supplied with a 2-value tuple to specify the limits of the colorbar to be plotted with the plot.
To generate a plotly plot, you can run
def create_single_dose_map_plotly(DF_to_use,
selected_altitude_in_km)
where DF_to_use is the Pandas DataFrame outputted by a run of AniMAIRE and altitude is one of the altitudes in kilometers supplied to/outputted by the run.
To use the matplotlib function to create a map of the isotropic situation as given as an example above, you could run
from AniMAIRE import dose_plotting
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
dose_plotting.plot_dose_map(test_isotropic_dose_rates.query("`altitude (km)` == 12.1920"),
hue_range=(0,9))
plt.show()
which should plot the following figure as a matplotlib plot:
and assign the plot to the isotropic_dose_rate_map variable for the user to use as they wish.
run_from_spectra defaults to an isotropic spectrum if no pitch angle distribution is supplied for either protons or alpha particles by the user.
To run an anisotropic spectrum, differential pitch angle distributions must be supplied to the proton_pitch_angle_distribution and/or alpha_pitch_angle_distribution arguments in run_from_spectra along with a reference location specified in terms of latitude and longitude in the reference_pitch_angle_latitude and reference_pitch_angle_longitude arguments respectively. The pitch angle distributions must be supplied as 2 dimensional functions, where the first argument is the pitch angle, and the second argument is particle rigidity (in many cases the pitch angle distribution might not depend on rigidity, but for programmatic reasons the function must at least take in rigidity as an argument although it does not need to have a dependence on it). The pitch angle here must be specified in units of radians.
reference_pitch_angle_latitude and reference_pitch_angle_longitude are the reference latitude and longitude in GEO coordinates representing a pitch angle of 0 in the supplied pitch angle distribution used. AniMAIRE currently makes the assumption that incoming particle distributions are cylindrically symmetric about this reference direction, and therefore that only the pitch angle with respect to this latitude and longitude are required to calculate dose rates anisotropically across Earth. Incoming solar particle events are frequently oriented near to the direction of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF), so you could specify pitch angles relative to the IMF here, and use the latitude and longitude of the IMF as the reference latitude and longitude.
The pitch angle distributions and rigidity spectrum must be specified in units normalised such that the product of the pitch angle distribution and rigidity spectrum multiplied together is in units of cm-2 s-1 sr-1 (GV/n)-1.
The pitch angle distributions can be specified using the Python lambda as with the rigidity spectra, but with 2 dimensions rather than 1. For example, to specify a Gaussian pitch angle distribution you could use:
import numpy as np
sigma = np.sqrt(0.19)
test_pitch_angle_dist_function = lambda pitch_angle,rigidity:np.exp(-(pitch_angle**2)/(sigma**2))
where sigma here has arbitrarily been chosen to be the square root of 0.19 for example purposes.
here pitch_angle_dist_function would be a viable input as a pitch angle distribution to run_from_spectra. While the function itself does not depend on rigidity, rigidity is specified as the second argument of the function nonetheless, as required for calculations to work.
An example of using this might be:
import numpy as np
from AniMAIRE import AniMAIRE
import datetime as dt
sigma = np.sqrt(0.19)
pitch_angle_reference_latitude = -17.0
pitch_angle_reference_longitude = 148.0
test_pitch_angle_dist_function = lambda pitch_angle,rigidity:np.exp(-(pitch_angle**2)/(sigma**2))
test_anisotropic_dose_rates = AniMAIRE.run_from_spectra(
proton_rigidity_spectrum=lambda x:2.56*(x**-3.41),
proton_pitch_angle_distribution=test_pitch_angle_dist_function,
reference_pitch_angle_latitude=pitch_angle_reference_latitude,reference_pitch_angle_longitude=pitch_angle_reference_longitude,
Kp_index=3,
date_and_time=dt.datetime(2006, 12, 13, 3, 0),
)
when run this should output a Pandas DataFrame to test_anisotropic_dose_rates with the same general output format as given in the previously described isotropic dose rates case.
In this case printing test_anisotropic_dose_rates should output:
latitude longitude altitude (km) edose adose dosee tn1 tn2 tn3 SEU SEL
0 -90.0 0.0 0.0000 1.976895e-07 2.027961e-07 3.222401e-07 1.286575e-08 7.877480e-09 5.401425e-09 7.877480e-22 7.877480e-17
1 -90.0 0.0 3.0480 4.838923e-07 4.869626e-07 7.032983e-07 7.429541e-08 4.866265e-08 3.410940e-08 4.866265e-21 4.866265e-16
2 -90.0 0.0 6.0960 1.453834e-06 1.411544e-06 2.045308e-06 2.472576e-07 1.611648e-07 1.136527e-07 1.611648e-20 1.611648e-15
3 -90.0 0.0 7.6200 2.352658e-06 2.382057e-06 3.304989e-06 3.720997e-07 2.420436e-07 1.708843e-07 2.420436e-20 2.420436e-15
4 -90.0 0.0 8.5344 2.970462e-06 2.791970e-06 4.201789e-06 4.473736e-07 2.919136e-07 2.063902e-07 2.919136e-20 2.919136e-15
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
42619 90.0 355.0 14.9352 1.062397e-06 7.975138e-07 5.902218e-07 2.766678e-07 1.764588e-07 1.216189e-07 1.764588e-20 1.764588e-15
42620 90.0 355.0 15.8496 1.289216e-06 9.183397e-07 6.964574e-07 3.063998e-07 1.945207e-07 1.338582e-07 1.945207e-20 1.945207e-15
42621 90.0 355.0 16.7640 1.525359e-06 1.040969e-06 8.062018e-07 3.339381e-07 2.112220e-07 1.452375e-07 2.112220e-20 2.112220e-15
42622 90.0 355.0 17.6784 1.777447e-06 1.163693e-06 9.297615e-07 3.568426e-07 2.248452e-07 1.543556e-07 2.248452e-20 2.248452e-15
42623 90.0 355.0 18.5928 2.036052e-06 1.275021e-06 1.040287e-06 3.755276e-07 2.357292e-07 1.614028e-07 2.357292e-20 2.357292e-15
which will produce the following plot when
from AniMAIRE import dose_plotting
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
dose_plotting.plot_dose_map(test_anisotropic_dose_rates.query("`altitude (km)` == 12.1920"),
hue_range=(0,9))
plt.show()
is run, as was described previously in this README for isotropic plotting:
you can also produce similar plotly plots if you prefer plotly to matplotlib using:
from AniMAIRE import dose_plotting
anisotropic_dose_rate_map = dose_plotting.create_single_dose_map_plotly(test_anisotropic_dose_rates,
selected_altitude_in_km = 12.1920)
which generates the following plot:
In addition to the quite general run_from_spectra function, AniMAIRE currently contains several functions for running calculations for specific types of spectra and situations, to make it easier for users to perform runs without having to determine and feed in spectra to run_from_spectra themselves.
The run_from_DLR_cosmic_ray_power_law function allows users to run full atmospheric dose rate calculations (for cosmic ray only/'quiet' time periods only) from just a date and time, or alternatively from just a single OULU count rate, or just a value of 'W parameter', as well as Kp index. This function utilises the CosRayModifiedISO package to determine the spectra due to protons and alpha particles during cosmic ray only time periods, and then runs run_from_spectra using both of those spectra under isotropic conditions. The specifications of run_from_DLR_cosmic_ray_power_law are:
def run_from_DLR_cosmic_ray_model(OULU_count_rate_in_seconds=None,
W_parameter=None,
Kp_index=None,
date_and_time=None,
**kwargs)
**kwargs here can be used to supply any arguments you wish to run_from_spectra as specified previously, such as the list of altitudes and list of coordinates to perform calculations for. Details on what OULU_count_rate_in_seconds and W_parameter mean can be found at https://github.com/ssc-maire/CosRayModifiedISO . If either OULU_count_rate_in_seconds or W_parameter are used, only one of them should be specified. Otherwise, AniMAIRE will determined their values using the date_and_time parameter supplied.
In addition to running from the DLR-ISO isotropic cosmic ray model, you can also run AniMAIRE from a combined power law rigidity spectrum and Gaussian pitch angle distribution. This can be done using the run_from_power_law_gaussian_distribution function:
def run_from_power_law_gaussian_distribution(J0, gamma, deltaGamma, sigma,
reference_pitch_angle_latitude, reference_pitch_angle_longitude,
Kp_index,date_and_time,
**kwargs)
Here J0, gamma, deltaGamma, sigma, reference_pitch_angle_latitude, reference_pitch_angle_longitude are all defined as specified in the format of papers like Mishev, A., Usoskin, I. Analysis of the Ground-Level Enhancements on 14 July 2000 and 13 December 2006 Using Neutron Monitor Data. Sol Phys 291, 1225–1239 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0877-2.