Intro, Notes & Section 2 Assets

• Welcome to the first actual coding video.
• Why we’re doing this in the IDE only.
• What you’ll be building, see resources.
• You’ll learn types, loops, routines, classes.
• We’ll follow Unreal’s coding style, and re-use.
• Notes and resources are attached.

S02 Game Design Document (GDD)

• How much planning should we do?
• Define the emotional problem the game solves*
• Chose concept, rules & requirements.
• Start to think about the architecture.
• Copy as much as possible into the code!
• Document now what may change later.

Useful Links

• * McConnell, Steve. Code Complete. Microsoft Press 2004. Chapter 3.3

How Solutions & Projects Relate

• How projects and solutions relate.
• Setting up a new command line project.
• An overview of the structure of our solution.
• (Adding main.cpp to our project).

C++ Function Syntax

• The difference between an engine and a library.
• How this relates to this console application.
• What is building / compiling code?
• How the console knows where to find our code.
• The syntax of a function in C++.
• Write the minimal C++ program to remove error.
• Testing our application runs without error.

Using, #include and Namespaces

• # represents a “preprocessor directive”.
• #include copies-and-pastes other code.
• The idea of using library code.
• Use <> for standard libraries.
• Use “ “ for files you have created yourself.
• Notice the namespace icon in autocomplete.
• Import iostream library and use std namespace.

Magic Numbers and Constants

• What a “magic number” is.
• Why it’s a good idea to avoid them.
• constexpr means “evaluated at compile time”.
• Introduce coding standards*.
• Use a constant for the word length.

Useful Links

• * Unreal Engine - Coding Standard

Variables and cin for Input

• The difference between \n and endl
• Introducing pseudocode programming
• Why we need to #import <string>
• Getting input using cin
• Discovering woes with our input buffer.

Using getline()

• Re-cap the problem we have.
• Why getline() is useful here.
• Where to find C++ documentation.
• A word on non-obvious solutions.

Simplifying With Functions

• Programming is all about managing complexity.
• We want to think about a few things at a time.
• The idea of abstraction and encapsulation.
• How functions help us simplify.
• Write and call your first functions.
• A warning about “side-effects” of functions.
• Always use return at the end of your functions.

Iterating With For & While Loops

• Why we need loops.
• When to use for vs while.
• The syntax of a for loop.
• Think carefully about the first & last loop.
• Write a for loop to repeat the game.

Clarity is Worth Fighting For

• More about levels of abstraction.
• A word on being clever.
• Using Visual Studio’s Extract “Extract Function”
• What a header file (.h) is.
• What’s refactoring, and why we do it.
• Removing side-effects.
• Where to find the course code on GitHub.

Booleans and comparisons

• What a boolean is, and how to use it.
• Only use when completely clear what you mean.
• Use == for comparison.
• Use && for logical AND.
• Use || for logical OR.
• Use [n] to access a string, starting at n=0.
• Use ‘ ‘ for characters, and “ “ for strings.

Using do and while in C++

• What a do while loop is.
• How it executes code one or more times.
• Making our game play multiple times.

Introducing Classes

• Lookup the Turing machine.
• A quick overview of the MVC pattern.
• User defined types (classes).
• About working at an interface level (black box).
• An overview of class FBullCowGame

Using Header Files as Contracts

• Introducing .h header files in C++.
• Why the added complexity is worth it.
• Defining the interface to our class.
• Writing our first draft of FBullCowGame.h

Including Our Own Header File

• NEVER use using namespace in a .h
• In fact, why use it at all?
• Create your .cpp files and #include
• Don’t create chains of includes.

Instantiating Your Class

• Relax, they’re just user defined types!
• string FirstName; creates a string object
• FBullCowGame BCGame; works the same way
• These instances are initialised by “constructors”
• Instantiating means “creating an instance of”
• So we’re simply creating a game instance.

Writing & Using Getter Methods

• What is a getter method
• Why we never access variables directly
• How to call a method using the dot operator
• Pros and cons of initialising in at compile time
• Using “Rebuild Project” to make VS behave!

Introducing the Const Keyword

• const’s meaning depends on context
• Generally means “I promise not to change this”
• What this is depends on exactly where it appears
• At the end of a member function, for example int GetCurrentTry() const; it prevents the function from modifying any member variables
• This is a good safety feature.

Constructors For Initialisation

• Default constructor called when object created
• Initialize in constructor when decided at runtime
• Initialize in declaration if known at compile time
• Constructor syntax simply: ClassName();
• Set the member variables in constructor
• Test this has worked.

Pseudocode Programming

• More on Pseudocode Programming Practice (PPP)
• Reviewing our code and architecture
• Using // TODO as a comment prefix
• Introducing Visual Studio’s Task List
• Planning our next wave of coding.

Using using for Type Aliases

• We’re substituting types to be “Unreal ready”
• The declaration is using <alias> = <type>;
• For example using int32 = int;
• Why Unreal uses int32 rather than int
• FText is for output, FString is “mutable”
• Where to use each type of string
• Map FText and FString to std::string

Using struct for Simple Types

• struct is almost identical to class
• It’s member variables (data) is public by default
• Ideal for simple value types like BullCowCount
• Outline BullCowCount SubmitGuess(FString)

Using if Statements in C++

• Why we need conditionals (selection)
• Use if when it reads better (e.g. few conditions)
• Use switch for multiple, simple conditions
• (for loads of statements consider a table lookup)
• The syntax of an if statement
• Using if to write count bulls and cows.

Debugging 101

• A very brief intro to Visual Studio’s debugger
• Set a break-point by clicking in margin
• Watch values by highlighting in debug mode
• Use “Continue” to cycle back to breakpoint.

A Place for Everything

• Centralising the hidden word length
• Making this a property of the game class
• Writing a getter to access this value
• Updating our intro to vary with word length.

Introducing enumerations

• An enumerated type consists of named values
• Use instead of coded meaning
• Makes the code more readable and meaningful
• Only defined values can be used - more robust
• A benefit of C++ 11’s strongly typed enums
• Creating an enum class for error checking.

Writing Error Checking Code

• Use else if for the first time
• Outline or CheckGuessValidity() method
• Write working code for checking guess length
• Use the debugger to test the return values.

Using switch Statements

• Use our error values to communicate with user
• All our user interaction is via GameManager.cpp
• We’ll use FText in this file, as it’s UI text
• We can “switch” what we say based on the error
• The syntax of a switch statement
• Remember your break keywords!

Warm Fuzzy Feelings

• Don’t get comfortable with compiler warnings
• Refactor GetValidGuess() to remove warning
• Rename SubmitGuess() to SubmitValidGuess()
• Improve readability of SubmitValidGuess()
• Get a warm fuzzy feeling!

Handling Game Win Condition

• Change our PlayGame() loop to a while
• Implement our IsGameWon() function

Win or Lose "Screen"

Write a method to print a game summary to the screen once the game is over.

Introducing Big O Notation

• Algorithm: the recipe for solving a problem
• or: 45th US Vice President’s dance style
• Introducing the complexity of algorithms
• A quick introduction to “Big O” notation
• Comparing three ways of checking for isograms.

TMap and map Data Structures

• The importance of knowing your data types
• Introducing the std::map data type
• #define TMap std::map to keep it ‘Unreal’
• How we’ll be using the map
• TMap<char, bool> LetterSeen; to declare
• Using LetterSeen[Letter] to access
• Wiring-up and pseudocoding IsIsogram()

Range-based for Loop

• Introducing containers and iterators
• Using a range-based for loop in Unreal*
• Gently introducing the auto keyword
• Finishing our IsIsogram()

Useful Links

• * Unreal Engine - Ranged Based For Loops

Design a Helper Function

• Gain confidence with a multi-stage challenge
• A word on implicit dependencies

Playtesting Your Game

• Having someone else play test your game is vital
• Silently take notes, or record screen if possible
• Immediately go away and fix obvious bugs
• For improvements consider 2nd or 3rd opinion
• Repeat until the bug / issue rate plateaus.

Difficulty & Play Tuning

• About the flow channel*
• map word length to max tries
• Play test to determine correct difficulty.

Useful Links

• * Read more in Sylvester, T. Designing Games - O’Reilly

Polishing & Packaging

• First impressions count (think reviews)
• Don’t ship a half-baked product, even if digital
• Check through your code (polish)
• Ship to your customers (package).

Section 2 Wrap-Up

• HUGE congratulations on your progress
• Over 5 hours of pure C++ learning
• Over 30 challenges you’ve completed
• The journey has only just begun
• Share your source code for others to play
• Here are some suggested improvements
• Next we take the game logic into Unreal :-)