Getting Started

Selenium Grid

Selenium Grid allows the execution of WebDriver scripts on remote machines by routing commands sent by the client to remote browser instances.

Grid aims to:

Provide an easy way to run tests in parallel on multiple machines
- Allow testing on different browser versions
- Enable cross-platform testing

In scope of this test, I only use Selenium Grid 4.

Selenium Grid with Docker

Docker is an open-source containerization platform that makes it easy to create, deploy, and run applications in a secure manner using containers. Docker provides virtualization at the Operating System (OS) level. All the software parts in Docker are organized in Containers.

When it comes to Selenium automation testing, it is important that a test run in one execution environment does not hinder the execution of tests run in another test environment (s). Hence, automation tests should be run in isolation, and Docker helps in realizing this ‘essential’ requirement.

Scalable and Reliable
Less overhead of installations
Improved Security
Lesser chances of discrepancies

Zalenium

Zalenium is a flexible and scalable container based Selenium Grid, with video recording, live preview, basic auth & a dashboard. Moreover, it has out-of-the-box Docker and Kubernetes integration. This fact makes Zalenium an attractive choice to get Selenium based infrastructure up and running.

Zalenium provides docker images (Hub + Nodes) with the latest browser drivers, browsers, and tools (for any language bindings) required for Selenium automation. The containers created from these images can be scaled-up with simple CLI commands.

Set up Selenium Grid

Prerequisites

Java 11 or higher
Browser(s) installed
Download new Selenium Server jar: latest release

Standalone mode

Standalone combines all Grid components seamlessly into one. Running a Grid in Standalone mode gives you a fully functional Grid with a single command, within a single process. Standalone can only run on a single machine.

Start the Grid:

java -jar selenium-server-<version>.jar standalone

// We use 4.7.2
java -jar selenium-server-4.7.2.jar standalone

The server will start automatically at http://localhost:4444

Point RemoteWebDriver in your test to http://localhost:4444

ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4444"), chromeOptions);

Run your test
- Example: /test/java/SeleniumGridTest.java
- Execution file: SeleniumGrid.xml

standalone run

http://localhost:4444/ui

Hub and Node mode

Hub and Node is the most used role because it allows to:

Combine different machines in a single Grid
- Machines with different operating systems and/or browser versions, for example
Have a single entry point to run WebDriver tests in different environments
Scaling capacity up or down without tearing down the Grid

Hub

To start a hub:

java -jar selenium-server-<version>.jar hub

By default, the server will listen for RemoteWebDriver requests on http://localhost:4444

Node

The command below assumes the Node is running on the same machine where the Hub is running:

java -jar selenium-server-<version>.jar node

To set up more nodes on the same machine, we can specify different ports for them:

// Node 1
java -jar selenium-server-<version>.jar node --port 5555

// Node 2
java -jar selenium-server-<version>.jar node --port 6666

hub run

node 1 run

node 2 run

http://localhost:4444/ui

Point the test

Point RemoteWebDriver in your test to http://localhost:4444

case "chrome":
    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4444"),chromeOptions);
    break;
case "firefox":
    FirefoxOptions firefoxOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4444"),firefoxOptions);
    break;

Run your test
- Example: /test/java/HubNodeTest.java
- Execution file: HubNode.xml

Hub and Node on different machines

Hub and Nodes talk to each other via HTTP and the Event Bus (the Event Bus lives inside the Hub). A Node sends a message to the Hub via the Event Bus to start the registration process. When the Hub receives the message, reaches out to the Node via HTTP to confirm its existence.

After starting the Hub with default ports, the --hub flag can be used to register the Node

java -jar selenium-server-<version>.jar node --hub http://<hub-ip>:4444

When the Hub is not using the default ports, the --publish-events and --subscribe-events flags are needed. For example, if the Hub uses ports 8886, 8887, and 8888

java -jar selenium-server-<version>.jar hub --publish-events tcp://<hub-ip>:8886 --subscribe-events tcp://<hub-ip>:8887 --port 8888

The Node needs to use those ports to register successfully

java -jar selenium-server-<version>.jar node --publish-events tcp://<hub-ip>:8886 --subscribe-events tcp://<hub-ip>:8887

Distributed mode

When using a Distributed Grid, each component is started separately, and ideally on different machines. So 6 of components below need to be started:

Event Bus
New Session Queue
Session Map
Distributor
Router
Nodes

The detailed instructions will be added later.

Grid size suggestions

Small: Standalone or Hub/Node with 5 or fewer Nodes.
Middle: Hub/Node between 6 and 60 Nodes.
Large: Hub/Node between 60 and 100 Nodes. Distributed with over 100 Nodes.

Set up Selenium Grid with Docker in Standalone mode

There are 3 docker images for Chrome, Firefox and Edge used in this example.

They will use port 4444 by default for server and 7900 for NoVNC, so to use all 3 without error in allocated ports, mapping new ports need to be done.

Start Docker containers

Start Chrome standalone with port 4445

docker run -d -p 4445:4444 -p 7901:7900 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-chrome:4.7.2-20221219

Container exposed on port http://localhost:4445
NoVNC (allow users inspect visually container activity with their browser) exposed on port 7901
For an image that contains a browser please use the flag --shm-size=2g to use the host's shared memory
In order to prevent pushing up to existing tags and breaking existing functionality, should use tagging convention
```
selenium/standalone-browserName-<Major>.<Minor>.<Patch>-<YYYYMMDD>
```
No need to pull image in advance as Docker will pull that image if it was not existed locally

Start Firefox standalone with port 4446

docker run -d -p 4446:4444 -p 7902:7900 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-firefox:4.7.2-20221219

Container exposed on port http://localhost:4446
NoVNC exposed on port 7902

Start Edge standalone with port 4447

docker run -d -p 4447:4444 -p 7903:7900 --shm-size="2g" selenium/standalone-edge:4.7.2-20221219

Container exposed on port http://localhost:4447
NoVNC exposed on port 7903

Point your test to exposed ports

In my test /test/java/DockerStandaloneTest.java

 case "chrome":
    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4445"),chromeOptions);
    break;
 case "firefox":
    FirefoxOptions firefoxOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4446"),firefoxOptions);
    break;
 case "edge":
    EdgeOptions edgeOptions = new EdgeOptions();
    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4447"),edgeOptions);
    break;

Each url with respective port is set up with corresponding container.

docker run

standalone containers

standalone chrome: http://localhost:4445/ui

standalone firefox: http://localhost:4446/ui

standalone edge: http://localhost:4447/ui

View test run visually on browser

New version of standalone container from selenium has provided noVNC to allow user to inspect what is running in browser. We do not need to install VNC client to do this anymore.

To see what is happening inside the container, head to:

Chrome container: http://localhost:7901/?autoconnect=1&resize=scale&password=secret
Firefox container: http://localhost:7902/?autoconnect=1&resize=scale&password=secret
Edge container: http://localhost:7903/?autoconnect=1&resize=scale&password=secret

or simply: http://localhost:7901 with password is "secret".

view tests run
chrome: http://localhost:7901

or clicking on video icon next to session id under Sessions tab.

click video button to view

Set up Selenium Grid with Docker using different machines

The Hub and Nodes will be created on different machines/VMs, they need to know each other's IPs to communicate properly. If more than one node will be running on the same Machine/VM, they must be configured to expose different ports. And as I already mentioned, using different containers for hub and nodes, it is the same concept with setting up Hub and Nodes on different machines, which requires us to specify Event Bus, Publish Event port and Subscribe Event port.

Hub - Machine/VM 1

By default, port 4444 is registered for server whereas 4442 and 4443 are exposed for Event Bus ports

docker run -d -p 4442-4444:4442-4444 --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:4.7.2-20221219

Node Chrome - Machine/VM 2

Default port of Node is 5555, so we simply expose that
Event Bus Host need to be set up with IP of Hub machine
Node host is current IP of this Node machine

Replace ^ with ` if you are using Linux/macOS/PowerShell, below example is for Windows CMD

  docker run -d -p 5555:5555 ^
    --shm-size="2g" ^
    -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> ^
    -e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 ^
    -e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 ^
    -e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-2> ^
    selenium/node-chrome:4.7.2-20221219

Node Firefox - Machine/VM 3

Same set up applied for Firefox node machine with few modifications about node ip and image

  docker run -d -p 5555:5555 ^
    --shm-size="2g" ^
    -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> ^
    -e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 ^
    -e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 ^
    -e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-3> ^
    selenium/node-firefox:4.7.2-20221219

Node Edge - Machine/VM 4

Same set up applied for Edge node machine with few modifications about node ip and image

  docker run -d -p 5555:5555 ^
    --shm-size="2g" ^
    -e SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=<ip-from-machine-1> ^
    -e SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442 ^
    -e SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443 ^
    -e SE_NODE_HOST=<ip-from-machine-4> ^
    selenium/node-edge:4.7.2-20221219

Point test to exposed ip of hub

This just works seamlessly

driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://<ip-from-machine-1>:4444"),capabilities);

Set up Selenium Grid with Docker compose

What is Docker compose

Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. With Compose, you use a YAML file to configure your application’s services. Then, with a single command, you create and start all the services from your configuration.

docker-compose-v3.yml

version: "3"
services:
  chrome:
    image: selenium/node-chrome:4.7.2-20221219
    shm_size: 2gb
    depends_on:
      - selenium-hub
    environment:
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443

  firefox:
    image: selenium/node-firefox:4.7.2-20221219
    shm_size: 2gb
    depends_on:
      - selenium-hub
    environment:
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443
      
  edge:
    image: selenium/node-edge:4.7.2-20221219
    shm_size: 2gb
    depends_on:
      - selenium-hub
    environment:
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443

  selenium-hub:
    image: selenium/hub:4.7.2-20221219
    container_name: selenium-hub
    ports:
      - "4442:4442"
      - "4443:4443"
      - "4444:4444"

To execute this docker-compose yml file use
```
docker-compose -f docker-compose-v3.yml up
```
Add the -d flag at the end for detached execution
```
docker-compose -f docker-compose-v3.yml up -d
```

To stop the execution, hit Ctrl+C, and then

docker-compose -f docker-compose-v3.yml down

We can modify above yml to use noVNC by assign the default noVNC port of each node container (7900) to any port.

For example:

chrome:
    image: selenium/node-chrome:4.7.2-20221219
    shm_size: 2gb
    depends_on:
      - selenium-hub
    environment:
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_HOST=selenium-hub
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_PUBLISH_PORT=4442
      - SE_EVENT_BUS_SUBSCRIBE_PORT=4443
    ports:
      - "7901:7900"

Then we can inspect what runs inside browser of container by" http://localhost:7901/?autoconnect=1&resize=scale&password=secret

Or we can see that easily by clicking on video icon under Sessions tab.

Go to "View test run visually on browser" for more details.

Point test to exposed hub port

An example test is in /test/java/DockerComposeTest.java

driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4444"),chromeOptions);

Run it with DockerCompose.xml execution file

compose run

compose containers

http://localhost:4444/ui

Video recording for test execution

Tests execution can be recorded by using the selenium/video:ffmpeg-4.3.1-20221219 Docker image. One container is needed per each container where a browser is running. This means if you are running 5 Nodes/Standalone containers, you will need 5 video containers, the mapping is 1-1.

Currently, the only way to do this mapping is manually (either starting the containers manually, or through docker-compose)

After the containers are stopped and removed, you should see a video file on your machine's /tmp/videos directory.

Please head to docker-compose-v3-video.yml for full details.

Set up Selenium Grid with Zalenium

Zalenium is not being developed anymore, so it has been stick to Grid 3.x which not inherited the best features from Grid 4.

But it still has its own great features including (Grid 4 has them as well):

An intuitive dashboard for analyzing the logs of the Selenium script execution.
Live previews of the Selenium script execution on Selenium Grid.
Custom capabilities for running cross-browser tests and responsive tests on preferred screen resolutions and time-zones.
The recorded video of the Selenium tests helps in the review and debug process.
Zalenium Grid on the cloud comes with basic authentication, thereby providing basic security when accessing the Grid.

So if you find this is still good for your needs, here is how you can set it up.

Start the image

Zalenium uses docker to scale on-demand, therefore we need to give it the docker.sock full access, this is known as "Docker alongside docker".

To explicitly pulling elgalu/selenium images without separate command, we can use "-e PULL_SELENIUM_IMAGE=true"

Replace ^ with ` if you are using Linux/macOS/PowerShell, below example is for Windows CMD

docker run --rm -ti --name zalenium -p 4444:4444 ^
  -e PULL_SELENIUM_IMAGE=true ^
  -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock ^
  -v /tmp/videos:/home/seluser/videos ^
  --privileged dosel/zalenium start

Run Zalenium as --privileged is suggested to speed up the node registration process by increasing the entropy level. This is optional since it is just meant to improve its performance.

By default, our Selenium grid will have 1 Chrome and 1 Firefox container. If you need more, say 3 chrome containers, 2 firefox then use below arguments.

docker run --rm -ti --name zalenium -p 4444:4444 ^
  -e PULL_SELENIUM_IMAGE=true ^
  -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock ^
  -v /tmp/videos:/home/seluser/videos ^
  --privileged dosel/zalenium start --chromeContainers 3 --firefoxContainers 2

Point your test

Point the test to http://localhost:4444/wd/hub

And we can access below:

Grid console: http://localhost:4444/grid/console
Zalenium Live Preview: http://localhost:4444/grid/admin/live
Dashboard: http://localhost:4444/dashboard/ after running your first test

To stop:

docker stop zalenium

For more usage, go here: https://opensource.zalando.com/zalenium/#usage

Author

Tuyen Nguyen - Senior QA Automation Engineer

trongtuyen96@gmail.com

License

Copyright 2022 Tuyen Nguyen

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   You may obtain a copy of the License at

       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   limitations under the License.

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LICENSE		LICENSE
README.md		README.md
docker-compose-v3-video.yml		docker-compose-v3-video.yml
docker-compose-v3.yml		docker-compose-v3.yml
pom.xml		pom.xml

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A series of instruction about setting up selenium grid, docker and zalenium with TestNG framework.

Table of Contents

Getting Started

Selenium Grid

Selenium Grid with Docker

Zalenium

Set up Selenium Grid

Prerequisites

Standalone mode

Hub and Node mode

Hub

Node

Point the test

Hub and Node on different machines

Distributed mode

Grid size suggestions

Set up Selenium Grid with Docker in Standalone mode

Start Docker containers

Start Chrome standalone with port 4445

Start Firefox standalone with port 4446

Start Edge standalone with port 4447

Point your test to exposed ports

View test run visually on browser

Set up Selenium Grid with Docker using different machines

Hub - Machine/VM 1

Node Chrome - Machine/VM 2

Node Firefox - Machine/VM 3

Node Edge - Machine/VM 4

Point test to exposed ip of hub

Set up Selenium Grid with Docker compose

What is Docker compose

docker-compose-v3.yml

Point test to exposed hub port

Video recording for test execution

Set up Selenium Grid with Zalenium

Start the image

Point your test

Author

Tuyen Nguyen - Senior QA Automation Engineer

trongtuyen96@gmail.com

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