TST: rewrite testing workflows around uv.lock #1845

Job	Run time
Image tests	15s
ubuntu-latest-py3.9	53s
ubuntu-latest-py3.10	48s
type-checking (3.9)	26s
ubuntu-latest-py3.11	51s
type-checking (3.10)	24s
type-checking (3.11)	24s
type-checking (3.12)	23s
type-checking (3.13)	22s
ubuntu-latest-py3.12	1m 7s
ubuntu-latest-py3.13	1m 4s
ubuntu-20.04-py3.9 (oldest deps, mininmal)	1m 5s
ubuntu-20.04-py3.9 (oldest deps, full)	1m 11s
ubuntu-latest-py3.13 (full)	1m 5s
macos-latest-py3.13	58s
windows-latest-py3.13	2m 7s
docs	8s
Combine coverage reports	11s
	13m 42s

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