CI: fix Clang UB sanitizer, disable Clang thread sanitizer

[EZoni]

I started seeing this error from the Clang sanitizer workflow in several PRs:

E: The repository 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu mantic Release' does not have a Release file.
E: The repository 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu mantic-updates Release' does not have a Release file.
E: The repository 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu mantic-backports Release' does not have a Release file.
E: The repository 'http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu mantic-security Release' does not have a Release file.

The Ubuntu 23.10 container was introduced in #5181 when ubuntu-24.04 was pre-release as GitHub-hosted runner.

I think we can try to move to ubuntu-24.04 now and see if this is enough to fix the issue above.

[EZoni]

Currently debugging this new error, any suggestions?

/usr/bin/llvm-symbolizer-17: error: '[stack]': No such file or directory

[EZoni]

Currently debugging this new error, any suggestions?

/usr/bin/llvm-symbolizer-17: error: '[stack]': No such file or directory

Will temporarily disable tests that raise data race conditions until we find a fix.

[EZoni]

@RemiLehe

I disabled the Clang thread sanitizer job directly in this PR. The remaining Ubuntu version updates that you see in this PR are needed to fix the original issue that the PR meant to address (occurring for both the UB sanitizer job and the thread sanitizer job).

I will open a new PR re-enabling the thread sanitizer job in order to allow for more debugging, once this PR is merged.