Fix issue with stripped vmlinux and re-introduce Gentoo tests #904

Job	Run time
Build in containers (almalinux, 9)	8m 39s
Build in containers (almalinux, 8)	7m 24s
Build in containers (alpine, 3.20, -lts)	3m 9s
Build in containers (alpine, 3.20, -virt)	1m 41s
Build in containers (alpine, 3.19, -lts)	3m 41s
Build in containers (alpine, 3.19, -virt)	1m 47s
Build in containers (alpine, 3.18, -lts)	2m 57s
Build in containers (alpine, 3.18, -virt)	1m 33s
Build in containers (alpine, 3.17, -lts)	2m 21s
Build in containers (alpine, 3.17, -virt)	1m 30s
Build in containers (archlinux, latest)	2m 49s
Build in containers (archlinux, latest, -lts)	2m 56s
Build in containers (archlinux, latest, -zen)	2m 44s
Build in containers (centos/centos, stream9, quay.io/)	11m 33s
Build in containers (debian, testing)	3m 47s
Build in containers (debian, 12)	1m 53s
Build in containers (fedora/fedora, rawhide, quay.io/)	4m 45s
Build in containers (fedora/fedora, 41, quay.io/)	4m 50s
Build in containers (fedora/fedora, 40, quay.io/)	6m 8s
Build in containers (fedora/fedora, 39, quay.io/)	6m 19s
Build in containers (gentoo/stage3, latest)	4m 19s
Build in containers (opensuse/tumbleweed, latest, -default, registry.opensuse.org/)	2m 38s
Build in containers (opensuse/leap, 15.5, -default, registry.opensuse.org/)	3m 13s
Build in containers (opensuse/leap, 15.6, -default, registry.opensuse.org/)	2m 42s
Build in containers (ubuntu, 24.10)	2m 55s
Build in containers (ubuntu, 24.04)	2m 33s
Build in containers (ubuntu, 22.04)	2m 44s
Build in containers (ubuntu, 20.04)	3m 34s
	1h 47m 4s

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