schemaStorage(ticdc): remove schemaVersion in schemaStorage (#11869)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #11869

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #11868

What is changed and how it works?

This PR removes the SchemaVersion field and its associated logic from the schemaStorage component in TiCDC. The change is part of an effort to remove schema change checking and reduce redundant logic.

Related to #11733.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test

Questions

Will it cause performance regression or break compatibility?

No.

Do you need to update user documentation, design documentation or monitoring documentation?

No.

Release note

None

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 66.66667% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Please upload report for BASE (release-8.1@cd5e9e4). Learn more about missing BASE report.

Additional details and impacted files

Components	Coverage Δ
cdc	61.7935% <0.0000%> (?)
dm	51.0448% <0.0000%> (?)
engine	63.4373% <0.0000%> (?)

Flag	Coverage Δ
unit	57.4100% <66.6666%> (?)

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##             release-8.1     #11919   +/-   ##
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  Coverage               ?   57.4100%           
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  Files                  ?        854           
  Lines                  ?     126065           
  Branches               ?          0           
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  Hits                   ?      72374           
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  Partials               ?       5400           

[wlwilliamx]

/test cdc-integration-kafka-test

[ti-chi-bot]

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[wlwilliamx]

/approve

[ti-chi-bot]

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